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| refers to the initial process of detecting and encoding environmental energy |
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| refers to the product of psychological processes in which meaning, relationships, context, judgment, past experience, and memory play a role |
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| the doctrine that the only source of true knowledge about the world is sensory experience, that is, what is seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt (Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley were major figures) |
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| the doctrine that structure is more important than function, patterned on the prevailing sciences of the nineteenth century. As the natural sciences focused on discovering the structure of basic elements of matter - psychology posed the problem as discovering the structure of perception. |
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| founded psychology as an experimental science patterned in an approach called structuralism |
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| opposed structuralist notion that a perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to simple, individual elements; these psychologists focused on the relationship between stimuli |
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| emphasizes the observer's active role in the perceptual process and derives in large part from the empiricist tradition; presumes that perception is based on more than just the information in the stimulus input |
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| proposed that inner mental processes play little or no role in perception; central to his approach is the idea that as an observer moves through the environment, she directly picks up the information needed for adaptive, effective perception |
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| further stresses the appealing point that perception is a natural process that has evolved to deal with the real world |
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| attributed to David Marr, this approach involves a rigorous, mathematically oriented analysis of certain aspects of visual perception derived largely from the use of computer simulation and artificial intelligence |
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| neurophysiological approach |
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| argues that sensory and perceptual phenomena are best explained by known neural and physiological mechanisms serving sensory structures |
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| field of research that has recently emerged that studies, on a neural level, how the brain performs complex levels of human activities such as thinking and perceiving; interdisciplinary field that draws from areas of experimental and cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and computer science |
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| the minimum stimulus necessary for detection |
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| method of limits/method of minimal change |
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| if you have a stimulus below threshold and slowly increase it, when the person detects it you have assessed threshold through this method (this is ascending method, you can also use descending method) |
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| method of constant stimuli |
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| constant increments of increasing stimulus are delivered, tends to yield the least variable and most accurate absolute threshold values |
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| method of adjustment (method of average error) |
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| here the intensity of the stimulus is under the observer's control, the observer is required to adjust the intensity to a just detectable level and that value defines the threshold |
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| in SDT, this is a cutoff point that observers adopt of overall sensory activity in deciding whether a signal is present |
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| responding yes to noise alone |
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| responding no when a signal occurred |
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| responding yes when a signal occurred |
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| responding no to noise alone |
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| graphically display the relationship between the proportions of hits and false alarms for a constant stimulus intensity |
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| a measure of the bowing or curvature of the ROC curve based on the hit and false alarm rates, serves as a statistical measure of the observer's sensitivity to a particular signal intensity |
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| the smallest difference between two stimuli necessary to detect them as different |
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| deltaI/I = k, where I is the magnitude of hte stimulus intensity at which the threshold is obtained, deltaI is the difference threshold value or the increment of intensity that, when added to the stimulus intensity produces a JND, and k is a constant that varies with the sensory system being measured |
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| This is known as Weber's fraction (or Weber's ratio) |
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| states that the magnitude of a sensation is a logarithmic function of the stimulus; doesn't work because it's based on the assumption that all JND units are equal |
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| the observer is presented with a standard stimulus, called a modulus, such as a light or a tone of moderate intensity and is instructed to assign a numerical value to it and then is presented a series of randomly ordered stimulus that vary along a single dimension (say physical intensity). For each, the observer gives a number that expresses his or her judgment of the stimulus relative to the modulus |
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| according to this, sensory or subjective magnitude grows in proportion to the physical intensity of the stimulus raised to a power; in other words, sensory magnitude is equal to physical intensity raised to a power |
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| the relationship between sensation and stimulus magnitude can be plotted as a curve called this |
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| intensity, absolute threshold |
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| BLoS #1: Stimulus must have sufficient ______ in order for it to be detected. This is called _______: minimally detectable stimulus |
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| BLoS #2: ______ range: allow you to experience larger range of _____ (e.g., faint vs. loud, bright vs. dim) |
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| BLoS #3: _______: receptor is sensitive to a particular ____ of stimulus (e.g., sound meter sensitive to particular Hz frequency, particular receptor in retina sensitive to particular wavelength) |
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| BLoS #4: _____: you cannot detect something unless you have a ___ of receiving the stimulus (e.g., boids and pit vipers have infrared detectors *could also be bandwidth example*, certain birds have ability to detect magnetic fields, many sharks have electrical field detectors) |
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| BLoS #5: ______: We may be able to detect things but we are unable to "_____" what they are (e.g., space time, our sense of time is a biological curiousity --> an illusion that we live by) |
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| Showed that cells would only respond if there were a small dark spot moving, concluding that our sensory systems have "event detectors" |
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| What did the study by Lettvin & company relating to the optic nerve of a frog conclude? |
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| phenomena experienced by stroke patients who deny the ownership of a particular body part |
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| method of limits and method of constant stimuli, the two most common ways for establishing absolute threshold, belong to this area |
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| founder of experimental psychology and one of the best physicists of his day, one of the first to measure the nerve impulse |
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| wrote Principles of Psychology as well as Variety of Religious Experience, he is regarded as one of the founders of modern psyc |
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| change, interfering, normal |
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Three things required for Signal Detection Theory:
1. Every signal brings about a _____ in the observer.
2. There is something _______ (noise) in the detection of the stimulus.
3. Effect of noise, or signal + noise, can be plotted as ______ distributions. |
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| The more signal there is, the further to the ______ the criterion will move, the reverse is also true, if there is little signal, the criterion will move to the _____ due to higher "yes" bias. |
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| Criterion is established by the _______; variables influencing criterion are motivations of the _______, and as the experimenter you can alter the payoff (reward/punishment) |
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| Real life application of the Power Law, the more $ you have, the more you need |
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