Term
| Best Echo view for (Subvalvular) Discrete Membranous Stenosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Best Echo view for (Valvular) Bicuspid Aortic Valve |
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Definition
| PSAX (allows visualization of the number of cusps) and PLAX (ability to assess thickness and excursion of the cusps) |
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Term
| Best Echo view for (Supravalvular) Discrete |
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Definition
| PLAX or a high right parasternal view |
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Term
| Best Echo view for (Supravalvular)Coarctation of the Aorta |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Ostium Primum Defect |
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Definition
| involves the lower, or primum, portion of the atrial septum and accounts for 15% of ASD in adults |
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Term
| Define Ostium Secundum Defect |
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Definition
| located in the area of the fossa ovalis or middle of the atrial septum, most common type making up two-thirds of all cases |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the superior and posterior septum, near the junction of the SVC, rare—10% of cases |
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Term
| Given a selection of echocardiographic findings, choose the ones that depict why atrial defects are often suspected on the basis of indirect echocardiographic findings |
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Definition
| RV dilation in an otherwise healthy young patient should always suggest an ASD. Abnormal motion of the IVS is another clue. Septal motion in the presence of an ASD is characterized by brisk anterior movement in early systole or flattened motion throughout systole |
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Term
| State the reason why the subcostal approach alleviates the problems seen with the apical approach when evaluating Atrial Septal Defects |
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Definition
The subcostal 4C view places the atrial septum perpendicular to the ultrasound beam and thereby obviates many limitations of the apical approach. From this window, the fossa ovalis is seen as a thin central region within the atrial septum. This view is also ideal when distinguishing between defects of the primum, secundum and sinus venosus type.
In the apical 4C view the diagnosis of an ostium primum ASD can often be made with confidence from this view, detection of the secundum defect is considerably more difficult. Shadowing and echo dropout (particularly in the area of the fossa ovalis) create the potential for false-positive results. |
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Term
| Given a selection of echocardiographic approaches, choose the most accurate technique for evaluating the interatrial septum |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Perimembranous VSD |
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Definition
| located directly below the aortic valve. The RV surface is adjacent to the septal leaflet of the TV. On the left, the membranous septum forms the superior border of the LVOT. The most common variety of VSD accounting for approximately 80% of all cases |
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Term
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Definition
| extending from the membranous septum toward the cardiac apex |
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Term
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Definition
| lying posterior to the membranous septum between the two AV valves |
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Term
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Definition
| —“infundibular”, extending anteriorly from the membranous septum and lying above the trabecular septum and below the great arteries |
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Term
| Best echo view for Perimembranous VSD |
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Definition
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Term
| Best echo view for Trabecular VSD |
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Definition
| all available imaging planes |
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Term
| Best echo view for Inlet VSD |
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Definition
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Term
| Best echo view for Outlet VSD |
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Definition
| short axis, high parasternal long axis |
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Term
| Given a list of lesions and complications, choose the ones associated with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) |
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Definition
-Ventricular septal aneurysm (most common)
-AI
-Prolapse of an aortic cusp
-Gerbode defect- a direct communication between the LV and the RA |
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Term
| Define Complete Atrioventricular Canal |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Partial Atrioventricular Canal |
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Definition
| implying separate AV orifices |
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Term
| Given a list of echocardiographic views, choose the best view for obtaining the most diagnostic information for endocardial cushion defects |
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Definition
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Term
| State the use of transesophageal for the repair of endocardial cushion defects |
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Definition
| During surgery, the use of TEE permits assessment of the adequacy of repair. Most importantly, the presence and severity of residual AV valve regurgitation can be determined. |
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Term
| Define Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
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Definition
| The ductus arteriosus is the normal fetal vascular channel that connects the descending Ao and the main PA, providing a conduit for blood from the RV to the thoracic Ao. Failure of the ductus to close shortly after birth is abnormal, giving rise to the term PDA |
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Term
| Given a list of echocardiographic views, choose the view for obtaining the best visualization of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
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Definition
| Suprasternal and high PSAX |
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Term
| Define Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return |
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Definition
| characterized by drainage of all four pulmonary veins into a systemic venous tributary of the RA or into the RA itself |
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Term
| Define Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return |
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Definition
| when some but not all (usually one or two) of the pulmonary veins connect to the right rather than the LA |
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Term
| Best view for Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return |
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Definition
| parasternal, apical, suprasternal, and subcostal views |
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Term
| Best view for Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return |
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Definition
| suprasternal, Apical 4C, and subcostal views |
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Term
| State the location of venous confluence of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection |
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Definition
| In total anomalous pulmonary venous return, the venous confluence may be located posterior, inferior, or superior to the LA |
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Term
| Define Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries |
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Definition
| origin of the LCX from the RCA sinus and origin of the RCA from the left sinus; in newborns with heart failure, origin of the LCA from the pulmonary truck should be considered |
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Term
| Define Coronary Artery Fistula |
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Definition
| abnormal connection between a coronary artery and another vessel or chamber (either a coronary vein, PA or RV) |
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Term
| Define Coronary Artery Aneurysms |
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Definition
| usually occur in association with Kawasaki disease with a fusiform shape, often are multiple, may occur anywhere along the vessel, and sometimes are lined with thrombus |
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Term
| Best view for Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries |
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Definition
| PSAX at the base (AOV level). In adults, TEE generally provides higher quality images of the proximal coronary arteries and anomalous vessels can be identified with a high degree of accuracy |
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Term
| Best view for Coronary Artery Fistula |
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Definition
| Can be followed by the use of multiple imaging planes and simultaneous color flow imaging |
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Term
| Best view for Coronary Artery Aneurysms |
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Definition
| Detection requires the use of multiple imaging planes. PSAX, PLAX, & apical 4C. TEE can also be used to effectively examine the coronary arteries |
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Term
| Define Tetralogy of Fallot |
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Definition
| 4 anatomic features: 1) anterior and rightward displacement of the aortic root, 2) VSD, 3) RVOT obstruction, 4) RVH. |
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Term
| Define Transposition of the Great Arteries |
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Definition
| discordant ventriculoarterial connection in which the aorta arises from the morphologic RV and the PA arises from the LV |
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Term
| Define Double Outlet Right Ventricle |
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Definition
| both arteries arise predominantly from the RV, VSD is present and is the sole outlet for the LV |
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Term
| Define Persistent Truncus Arteriosus |
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Definition
| presence of a single great vessel arising from the base of the heart and dividing into the systemic and PA, an outlet VSD and a single semilunar valve are other essential features |
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Term
| Best view for Tetralogy of Fallot |
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Definition
| PLAX, PSAX, subcostal views, suprasternal views |
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Term
| Best view for Transposition of the Great Arteries |
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Definition
| subcostal 4C, PSAX, apical 4C, PLAX |
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Term
| Best view for Double Outlet Right Ventricle |
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Definition
| PLAX and subcostal views, PSAX |
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Term
| Best view for Persistent Truncus Arteriosus |
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Definition
| PLAX and PSAX at the base (AOV level), Apical 4, Suprasternal, subcostal |
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Term
| Define Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome |
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Definition
| Hypoplasia of the LV associated with atresia of the aortic and mitral valves, endocardial thickening, and a small left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which a single pumping chamber receives inflow from both atria. A second or rudimentary chamber may be present, but it has no inlet portion (hence, is not a ventricle) |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by an imperforate TV, hypoplasia of the morphologic RV, an interatrial communication, and a normally developed LV and MV |
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Term
| State the Echo findings for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome |
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Definition
| Echo diagnosis is based on the presence of an abnormally small and underdeveloped LV, usually in association with a dilated RV, aortic root diameter is usually less than 5 mm. A dilated PA can be seen connecting to an enlarged ductus arteriosus |
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Term
| State the Echo findings for Single Ventricle |
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Definition
| With echocardiography, the type of single ventricle can be determined. In the LV type, the rudimentary chamber is anterior and superior to the pumping chamber. In the RV type, it is located more posteriorly. Echo demonstrates two side-by-side inlets without an intervening inlet septum |
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Term
| State the Echo findings for Tricuspid Atresia |
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Definition
| the echocardiographic diagnosis is made from the four chamber view from which the imperforate TV can be visualized directly. Doppler imaging is useful in confirming the absence of flow through the inlet |
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