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Definition
| scientific study of heredity |
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| a process during sexual reproduction where the male and female reproductive cells join |
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| term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
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| a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, that varies from one individual to another |
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| the offspring of crosses between parent with different traits |
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| chemical factors that determine traits |
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| different forms of a gene |
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| different forms of a gene |
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| separation of alleles during gamete formation |
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| the likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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| diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |
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| organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait, for example HH or hh |
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| organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait, for example Hh |
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| independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
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| situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
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| situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
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| three or more alleles of the same gene |
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| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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| simple sugar - deoxyribose ;; phosphate group ;; nitrogen bases |
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Definition
| what three things make up a nucleotide? |
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| adenine;; guanine;; thymine;; cytosine |
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Definition
| what are the four nitrogenous base? |
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| what are the complementary pairs? |
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| different nucleotide sequence |
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| what accounts for the differences in organisms? |
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| different nucleotide sequence |
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| what accounts for the differences in organisms? |
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| 1) strands separate 2) base pairing 3) bonding of bases 4) results -- 2 molecules of DNA orig & new |
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| steps to DNA replication. |
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| put info in DNA to work ;; form 3-D shapes ;; regulate cell functions ;; important structures ;; enzymes that control chemical reactions ;; composed of amino acids |
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| characteristics of proteins |
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RNA = single stranded ;; ribose ;; uracil
DNA = double stranded ;; deoxyribose ;; thymine |
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| what are the three differences between DNA and RNA |
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| takes instruction of DNA on how the protein should be put together then builds protein with the correct amino acid |
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Definition
| what is the function of RNA? |
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| brings information from nucleus to cytoplasm |
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| a ribosome that clamps onto the mRNA and uses the information to assemble amino acids in the correct order |
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| transports amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein |
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| 1) enzymes unzip DNA 2) free DNA nucleotides pair with the complementary DNA nucleotides on 1 DNA strand 3)mRNA breaks away |
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| If you had a strand of DNA: AGC TAA CCG TCG GTT, what is the RNA strand? |
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| proteins are built from chains of smaller molecules called... |
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| a group of 3 nucleotides that code for one amino acid are called .. |
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| mRNA goes through translation to make a protein |
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| any change in DNA sequence |
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| change in a single base pair in DNA |
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| single base is added or delated from DNA |
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| chromosome mutation where a part is left out |
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| chromosome mutation where part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to sister chromatid |
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| chromosome mutation where part breaks off and is switched |
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| chromosome mutation where part breaks off and is added to a totally different chromosome |
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| mutagen -- radiation, chemicals, high temperatures |
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| his theory explains how the adaptations may develop into species |
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| individuals best suited to their environment survive, reproduce most successfully, and pass these desirable traits to their offspring |
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| structural adaptation, physiological adaptation, fossils, anatomy, embryology |
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| the five evidences for evolution |
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| enables species to blend with their species |
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| features with common origin |
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| body parts of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function |
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| a body structure that has no function in a present-day organism but was probably useful to an ancestor |
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| earliest stage of growth and development |
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| all the difference alleles of the population's genes |
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| percentage of a specific allele |
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| when the frequency of alleles remain the same over generations; no evolution |
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| occur by chance; trait is passed from generation to generation |
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| transport of genes by migrating individuals |
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| favors average individuals |
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| favors one of the extreme variations; can lead to rapid evolution |
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| favors both extreme variations; no intermediate form; evolution of two new species |
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| grouping of objects or information based on similarities |
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| developed the basis for modern classification |
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| Latin ;; italicized ;; genus capitalized ;; descriptive name lower case |
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| give three "rules" of binomial nomeclautre |
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| framework to study relationships among living and extinct species ;; useful tool to identify organisms ;; discovery of new sources of materials |
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Definition
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| a group at any level of organization |
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| kindgom phylum class order family genus species |
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| list the taxa from largest to smallest |
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| important characteristics |
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| in taxonomy, organisms are grouped by .. |
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| which kingdom .. unicellular, prokaryotes, live in extreme environments |
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| which kingdom.. unicellular, prokaryotes, have cell walls, less complex genetic makeup |
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| which kingdom.. eukaryotes, lack complex organ systems |
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| which kingdom.. heterotrophic eukaryotes, absorb nutrients, cell walls contain chitin |
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| which kingdom.. multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthetic autotrophs |
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| which kingdom.. largest, multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic, no cell wall |
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| smallest most common microorganism; unicellular; no nucleus |
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Term
| Eubacteria & Archaebacteria |
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Definition
| what two kingdoms are bacteria found in? |
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| baccilli - rod shaped ;; cocci - spherical ;; spirilli - spiral & corckscrew |
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Definition
| describe the shapes of bacteria |
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| what color do gram-positive bacteria stain? |
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| what color do gram-negative bacteria stain? |
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| none, flagella, glide, spiral forward |
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Definition
| list three types of movements in bacteria |
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| do not need oxygen to live ; may be killed by it |
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| can survive with or without oxygen |
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| type of bacterial reproduction where it grows, DNA replicated and cell divides; asexual |
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| type of bacteria reproduction where there is an exchange of DNA between cells;; sexual |
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| type of bacterial reproduction when conditions are favorable |
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| decomposers; nitrogen fixers; human uses -- food and beverages |
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Definition
| describe why bacteria is important |
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| not living, only replicate |
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Definition
| characteristics of a virus |
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Definition
| virus that infects bacteria |
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Definition
| outer coat of protein of a virus is called |
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Definition
| a type of infection where the virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst |
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| a type of infection where the virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell's DNA |
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| strep throat;; tooth decay;; tuberculosis;; tetanus |
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Definition
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| flu, AIDS, common cold, hepatitis A B & C, West Nile |
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Definition
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| any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote ;; --eukaryote |
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Definition
| characteristics of protists |
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| how are protists classified? |
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| animal-like protists -- unicellular heterotrophs |
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| how are protozoans grouped? |
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amoeba -- shapeless flagellates 1 or more flagella
cilliates - cillia to move
sporozoan - parasitic spores |
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Definition
| different types of protozoans (describe) |
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| photosynthesizing ;; unicellular and multicellular ;; any color ;; produce more than 1/2 the oxygen |
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Definition
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treat stomach ulcers, high blood pressure, arthritis,
in food --> ice cream
industry --> plastics and deodorants |
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Definition
| what are some human uses of plant-like protists |
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Term
slime molds
water molds/mildew |
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Definition
| what are some examples of fungus-like protists? |
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| why are fungus like protists important |
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| variety of colors;; live in cool - moist - shady areas ;; grow on rotting leaves and decaying trees |
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Definition
| characteristics of slime molds |
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| live in water/moist places;; fuzzy white mold on decaying matter |
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Definition
| characteristics of water molds/mildew |
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Definition
| what type of fungus-like protist caused the potato famine |
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| not plants ;; eukaryotic ;; heterotrophic ;; digest food outside of bodies then absorb it |
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Definition
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Definition
| explain the structure of fungi |
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| anchor fungus ;; invade food source ;; form reproductive structures |
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Definition
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| disease ;; poisonous mushrooms ;; spoil food |
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Definition
| negative adaptations of fungi |
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| decompose HUGE amounts of matter |
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Definition
| positive adaptations of fungi |
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Term
saprophytes -- decomposers
parasites -- get nutrition from living hosts
mutualist -- eat together with another organism |
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Definition
| feeding relationships of fungi |
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Term
fragmentation -- breaking off and regrowing
budding -- in yeast a cell grows off original matures and breaks off
spore -- remains dormant until favorable conditions - sporangium = sac or case where spores are produced |
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Definition
| types of reproduction fungi |
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Definition
| how many bones in the body? |
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skeletal - attached to bones responsible for dancing and running - are striated
smooth - not striated - found in hollow walls of stomach and intestines
cardiac - only in heart - combined smooth and skeletal - striated small cells - 1 nucleus possibly 2 |
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Definition
| differences in three types of muscles |
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Term
| brain stem; cerebellum; frontal lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe |
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Definition
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| removing wastes and water;; release hormones from blood;; balance chemicals ;; help control blood pressure;; help produce red blood cells ;; produce vitamin D |
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Definition
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outermost = epidermis
innermost = dermis |
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Definition
| what are the layers of skin from outermost to innermost |
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| barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature ; removes waste products; protection from UV rays |
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Definition
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| what senses respond to chemical stimulation? |
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| basic structural unit of the nervous system |
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Definition
| what muscle is involved in breathing |
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Term
| vagina, uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries |
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Definition
| what are the parts of the female reproductive system? |
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| testes, epididymis, vas defernes, urethra, and penis |
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Definition
| what are the parts of the male reproductive system |
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Definition
| blood vessels going from the heart to the rest of the body |
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Definition
| blood vessels going from the rest of the body back to the heart |
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Definition
| blood vessels that function in gas exchange |
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| converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs food, eliminates wastes |
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Definition
| digestive system's function |
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