Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining a constant throughout (body temperature) |
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Term
| List the Characteristics of Life |
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Definition
organization
presence of one or more cells
response to stimulus
homeostasis
metabolism
growth and development
reproduction
change through time |
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Definition
| smallest unit that can perform all life processes |
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Term
| Define the components of the scientific method |
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Definition
state the question
observe
form a hypothesis
perform experiment and gather data
analyze data
draw conclusion
accept hypothesis or decline and retest |
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Term
| Calculate the magnification of a light microscope |
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Definition
| magnification of the strongest objective lens X power of the ocular lens |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
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Definition
| a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed, a "biological catalyst" |
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Term
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Definition
| a homogeneous mixture throughout witch two or more substances are uniformly dispersed |
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Definition
| any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; turns blue litmus paper red and reacts with bases and some metals to form salt |
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Term
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Definition
| any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; turns red litmus paper blue and reacts with acids to form salt |
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Term
| Define organic compound and give example |
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Definition
| a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides (ex. acetic acid) |
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Term
| Give an example of a carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do animals store glucose? |
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Definition
| in the liver and muscles, as glycogen |
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Term
| Polysaccharides are classified as . . . |
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Definition
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Term
| Define protein and give examples |
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Definition
| an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acid and that is a principal component of all cells (skin, hair, horns, muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
| large, nonpolar organic molecule that does not dissolve in water |
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Term
| Identify carbohydrates and lipids |
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Definition
carbohydrates are any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and taht provides nutrients to the cells of living things
lipids are large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water
(starch, and phospholipid, respectively) |
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Term
| Define nucleic acid and give examples |
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Definition
| an inorganic compound whose molecules are made up of one or more chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information (DNA and RNA) |
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Term
| How does ATP release energy? |
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Definition
| by the bonding of ADP and a phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| a model for enzyme-substrate interaction to describe that only the proper substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active site that will enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function |
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Term
| Define functional group and give examples |
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Definition
| the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds (hydroxyl, carbonyl, amine) |
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Term
| Define phospholipid molecule |
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Definition
| consists of a hydrophilic polar head group and a hydrophobic tail. The polar head group contains one or more phosphate groups. The hydrophobic tail is made up of two fatty acid chains. When many phospholipid molecules are placed in water, their hydrophilic heads tend to face the water and the hydrophobic tails are forced to stick together, forming a bilayer. |
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Term
| Explain cell volume to surface area ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| Define prokaryotic and give example |
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Definition
| a single celled organism that has no nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles (bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi |
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Term
(List and describe cellular organelles 27-38)
Centrioles |
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Definition
| self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells. They appear to help in organizing cell division, but aren't essential to the process |
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Term
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Definition
in single-celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms
in multi-cellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. It is connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, providing a connection between the nucleus and the cytoplasm (highway) |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution and shipping department for the cell's chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to the outside of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| digestion. Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred to the cytoplasm as a new cell-building materials |
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Term
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Definition
| solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| straight, hollow cylinders, composed of tubuiln protein, are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and perform a number of functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| powerhouse; oblong-shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly specialized organelle that serves as the information and administrative center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| microbodies diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane. There are several types of microbodies, but peroxisomes are the most common |
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Term
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Definition
| all living cells contain ribosomes, tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein. In eukaryotes, ribosomes are made of four strands of RNA, in prokaryotes, three. |
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Term
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Definition
| all living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents. In prokaryotes, the membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Eukaryotic animal cells have only the membrane to contain and protect their contents. Also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells |
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Term
| Compare and contrast plant and animal cells |
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Definition
Differences: Plant cells have a cell wall, and animal cells do no. Plant cells have larger vacuoles. Plant cells have cholorplasts for photosynthesis.
Similarities: Both have mitochondria for cellular respiration and produce ATP, both are eukaryotes |
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Term
| List the levels of organization |
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Definition
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms |
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Term
| Define diffusion and give examples |
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Definition
| movement of particles from regions of higher density (sugar cube in water, chocolate syrup in milk) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water or another solvent from a more diluted solution to a more concentrated solution through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent |
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Term
| Explain how proteins work in cell membranes |
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Definition
| proteins on the outside can detect environmental signals and send them to the inside of a cell. Integral proteins transport molecules in the cell and can act as channels or pores |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which plant, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
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Term
| Define biochemical pathway |
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Definition
| complex series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction |
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Term
| What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll captures the light energy used in photosynthesis |
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Term
| Why is chlorophyll green? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll doesn't really absorb green light, but instead allows green light to be reflected |
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Term
| What is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a product of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed or a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
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Term
| Define cellular respiration |
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Definition
| process by which cells obtain energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to from water and carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| an anaerobic cellular process in which organic foods are converted into simpler compounds, and chemical energy (ATP) is produced |
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Term
| In the absence of oxygen, what is produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two stages of cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pryuvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP and NADH |
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Term
| Contrast glycolysis and cellular respiration |
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Definition
| glycolysis is one half of the process of cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during meiosis or mitosis |
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Term
| Describe the chromosomes of a human body |
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Definition
| rod-shaped structures made of DNA wrapped tightly around proteins called histones |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| period between cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
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