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Definition
the solution to a scientific problem:
State the Problem
Research
Create a hypothesis
Carry out an experiment
Data/observations
Draw a conclusion
(you can then redo the experiment to make sure results are accurate)
in other words, PRHED/OC
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Definition
| an explanation to an observation |
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| procedure used to test a hypothesis |
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| variable that you can change during the experiment |
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| variable that is oberved during the experiment |
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| explains natural phenomenon based on large body of evidence |
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Definition
| concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments; generally accepted but can be disproven with out explanation |
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Definition
| amount of matter an object holds |
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| measure of the amount of space an object holds |
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Definition
property of matter that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
examples include: mass, volume, surface area, heat and absorbed light |
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| intensive physical property |
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Definition
property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, and can identify unknown samples and describe the sample on ITS OWN
Examples:
density, color, solubility, hardness |
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| physical property of a substance |
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Definition
| quality or condition that can be measured or observed without changing the composition |
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Definition
some properties of the matter change but the composition does not change;
can be classified as irreversible or reversible changes |
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Definition
physical blend of two or more components;
can be classified as heterogenous mixtures or homogenous mixtures |
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Definition
the composition is not uniform throughout
(think of chex mix) |
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Definition
the composition is uniform throughout
(another name for this is a SOLUTION) |
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Definition
| simplest form of matter with its unique set of properties |
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Definition
two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion;
REMEMBER: compounds can be broken down chemically into simpler substances but elements cannot |
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Definition
| change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter |
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| Summary of classifying matter |
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Definition
MATTER
substance mixture
element/compound homo/hetero |
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Definition
ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change;
ex: iron combines with oygen to form rust so rusting is a chemical property of iron |
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| Clues of a chemical change |
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Definition
transfer of energy
color change
gas production
formation of a precipate |
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| law of conservation of matter |
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Definition
| matter can never be created or destroyed. it simply changes from one form to another. |
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| Difference between accuracy and precision |
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Definition
accuracy: measure of how close a measurement comes to the true value
precision: measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
** if accurate but not precise, there is a technical error/human error
*** if precise but not accurate, there is a problem with the instrument/mechanical error |
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| How to calculate percent error |
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Definition
| exp. value-true value/true valueX 100 |
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Term
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Definition
meter- length (m)
kilogram-mass (kg)
kelvin-temperature (K)
second-time (s)
mole-amount of substance (mol)
candela-luminous intensity (cd)
ampere-electric current (A)
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Definition
| Joule (J) and calorie (cal) |
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Definition
intensive property that depends only on the composition of a substance, not the amount
formula: mass / volume
THINK OF THE TRIANGLE
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Definition
| smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction |
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SI system prefixes-- add meaning to the base units
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Definition
Giga (G) 1,000,000,000
Mega (M) 1,000,000
kilo (k) 1,000
hecto (h) 100
deca (da) 10
deci (dc) 0.1 or one tenth
centi (c) 0.01 or one hundreth
milli (m) 0.001 or one thousandth
micro (weird m) 1/1,000,000
nano (n) 1/1,000,000,000
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Definition
mass- measured with a balance and does not depend on gravity
weight- measured with a scale, not used in chemistry and depends on gravity |
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| Law of conservation of energy |
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Definition
| energy can neither be created nor destroyed. it simply changes from one form to another. |
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| intensive chemical reaction |
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Definition
property that doesnt matter on amount of sample, can identify unknowns and can describe how the sample reacts in a chemical reaction
examples:
reactions with acids |
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Definition
Different forms of a pure element with different properties
carbon allotropes:
coal, diamond, graphite, charcoal |
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