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semester 1 final
vocab
91
Chemistry
11th Grade
01/09/2007

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Term
Chemistry
Definition
the study of the composition of matter
Term
Organic Chemistry
Definition
the study of essentially all substances containing carbon
Term
Inorganic Chemistry
Definition
specializes primarily in substances that do not contain carbon
Term
Analytical Chemistry
Definition
is concerned with the composition of substances
Term
Physical Chemistry
Definition
is concerned with theories and experiments that describe the behavior of chemicals
Term
Biochemistry
Definition
is the study of hte chemitry of living organisms
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
is one logical approach to the soulutionof scienctific problems
Term
observation
Definition
using your senses to obtain information directly
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a proposed explanation or reason for what is observed
Term
Experiment
Definition
a means to test a hypothesis
Term
Theory
Definition
a broud and extensively tested explanation of why experiments give certain results
Term
Scientific Law
Definition
a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Term
Matter
Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Mass
Definition
the amount of matter the object contains
Term
Substance
Definition
Matter taht has a uniform and definite composition
Term
Pyysical property
Definition
a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substances composition
Term
Solid
Definition
matter that has a definate shape or volume
Term
LIquid
Definition
a form of matter that flows and has a fixed volume and takes the shape of its container
Term
Gas
Definition
matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
Term
vapor
Definition
the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temp.
Term
Physical Change
Definition
a change which alters a given material with out changing its composition
Term
Mixture
Definition
a phyysical blend of two or more substances
Term
Heterogeneious mixture
Definition
a mixture that not uniform in composition
Term
Homogeneous mixture
Definition
a mixutre that has a completely uniformed composition
Term
soulutions
Definition
a homogeneous mixure
Term
Phase
Definition
any part of a system with uniform composition and properties
Term
distiollation
Definition
a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid
Term
distillation
Definition
a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid
Term
distillation
Definition
a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid
Term
Elements
Definition
the simplest forms of matter that can exist under normal laboratory conditions
Term
Compounds
Definition
substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical means
Term
Chemical Symbol
Definition
The one or two letters that represent each element (on the periodic table)
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
one or more substances change into new substances
Term
Reactants
Definition
The starting substances
Term
Products
Definition
substances formed by a chemical reaction
Term
Chemical property
Definition
the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and to form a new substance
Term
Law of Conservation of Mass
Definition
states that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved
Term
Qualitative measurements
Definition
give results in a descriptive non numerical form
Term
Quanitative measurements
Definition
give results in a definite form, usually as numbers and units
Term
scientific notation
Definition
a number written as a product of two numbers: a coefficient and 10 raised to a power
Term
Accuracy
Definition
a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured
Term
precision
Definition
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Term
Accepted Value
Definition
the correct value based on reliable references
Term
Experimental value
Definition
teh value measured in the lab
Term
error
Definition
the difference between the accepted and the experimental value
Term
Percent Error
Definition
the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value and multiplied bye 100%
Term
Significant Figures
Definition
the significant figured ina measurement include all of the digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated
Term
The international system of units(SI)
Definition
a revised version of the metric system
Term
density
Definition
the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume

mass
D= -----
Volume
Term
Specific Gravity
Definition
a comparison of the density of a substance with the density of a reference substance, ususally at the same temperature

density of a substance (g/cm3)
SG= ------------------------------
density or water (g/cm3)<-cm cubed
Term
hydrometer
Definition
a device used to measure specific gravity
Term
Temperature
Definition
determins the direction fo heat tranfer
Term
Celsius scale
Definition
sets the freezing point of water at 0degrees celcius and the boiling point at 100 degrees celcius
Term
Kelvin scale
Definition
freezing point of water is 273.15 kelvins boiling point is 373.15 kelvins
Term
absolute zero
Definition
0 degrees on the kelvin scale is equal to -273.15 degrees C

K=C+273

C=K-273
Term
Conversion factor
Definition
a ratio of equivalent maeasurements such as
100 cm 1 m
------ or ---- =1
1 m 100 cm
Term
Dimensional Analysis
Definition
a way to analyze and solve problems using the units or dimensions, or the measurements
Term
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Definition
1. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms
2.Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element
3.Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine with one another in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
4.Cehmical reactions occure when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. Atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms of anothere lement as a result of a chemical reaction
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest particle of an element tht retains the properties of that element
Term
Electrons
Definition
negatively charged subatomic particles
Term
Cathode ray
Definition
a beam which travels from the cathode to the anode
Term
Proton
Definition
positively charged subatomic particles
Term
Nuetrons
Definition
subatomic particles with on charge but with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
the nuber of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element
Term
Mass Number
Definition
total nuber or protons nad neutrons in an atom
Term
isotopes
Definition
atoms that have the same nuber of protons but different number of neutrons
Term
atomic mass unit (atm)
Definition
one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
a weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element
Term
periods
Definition
horizantal rows in the periodic table
Term
periodic law
Definition
when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
Term
group
Definition
vertical columns of elements in the periodic table
Term
Representative elements
Definition
Group A elements ....the exhibit a wide range of both physical and chemical properties
Term
metals
Definition
have a high electical conductvity and a high luster when clean ...are ductile and malleable
Term
alkali metals
Definition
group 1A elements
Term
Alkaline earth metals
Definition
Group 2A elements...most of the remaining elementare are not Group A elements are are also metals
Term
Transition metals and Inner transition metals
Definition
Group B elements.... Copper silver gold and iron are familiar transition metals
Term
Transition metals and Inner transition metals
Definition
Group B elements.... Copper silver gold and iron are familiar transition metals
Term
non metals
Definition
elements that are generally nonlustrous and that are generally poor conductors of electricity..some are gases at room temperature
Term
Halogens
Definition
the nonmetals of group 7A and inclue chlorine and bromine
Term
Noble gases
Definition
The non metals of group 0 sometiems called the inert gases because they undergo few chemical reactions
Term
Metalloids
Definition
elements that boarder the step ladder line..... elements with properties that are intermediate between tehose of metals and nonmetals
Term
Molecule
Definition
the smallest electically nuetral unit of a substance that still has the properties of the substance
Term
molecular compound
Definition
compounds composed of molecules
Term
Ions
Definition
atoms or groups of atoms thath ave a positive or negative charge
Term
cation
Definition
any atom or group of atoms that has a a posivive charge
Term
anions
Definition
atoms or group of atoms that have a negative charge
Term
ionic compounds
Definition
compounds composed of cations and anions
Term
monatomic ions
Definition
ions consisting of only one atom;ionic charges can often be determined by using the periodic table
Term
polyatomic ions
Definition
tightly bound groups of atoms taht behvae as a unit and carry a charge... ex. sulfate
SO
4
Term
Binary compounds
Definition
compounds composed of two elements
Term
Ternary compound
Definition
a compound that contains atoms of three different elements
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