Term
| _______ such as plants make their own food, consumers, or ________, must eat others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All energy for autotrophic photosynthesis comes from the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light is organized in packets of electromagnetic energy called _____________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________________ is an organic molecule that selectively absorbs light of specific wavelengths. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chief photosynthetic pigment in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant leaves are seen as green because those wavelengths are __________ to our eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In chlorophyll, the absorption of a photon excites the __________ and boosts them to a higher energy level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The semi-fluid matrix inside the chloroplast is called the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the disk like membranes inside the chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the photosynthesis equation, which molecules are the reactants? Which are the products? |
|
Definition
| Carbon Dioxide & Water, Carbon Dioxide & Oxygen |
|
|
Term
In the light-dependent reactions:
ADP accepts H, e-, and P to become _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the light-dependent reactions:
NADP+ accepts H and e- to become _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the light-dependent reactions:
Water is split to yield ______ gas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH are used as energy sources to synthesize molecules of _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Groups of chlorophylls, known as ________ work as "antenna systems" to capture the energy of light to begin photosynthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When light strikes chlorophlls in photosystems I and II,electron are released and immediately enter the ________ chains located in the thylakoid membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the ejected electrons move along the electron transfer chain of photosystem II, energy is used to pump ________ ions into the interior of the thylakoid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the electrons move along the electron transfer chain of photosystem I, they are eventually picked up by NADP+ to form ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The accumulating H+ ions can leave the thylakoid compartment only through a special channel called __________ that results in the formation of ATP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The electron "hole" left in photosystem II can be filled by an electron derived from the splitting of water, this results in the production of molecules of free ________, which are necessary for the life of humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reactions of the ________ cycle (light-independent) are used to build sugars and starches in the chloroplast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Benson cycle occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calvin Benson does not run on sun energy but rather uses the molecules of _______ and _______ made in the light-dependent reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gas is the source of the carbon used in Calvin Benson? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first reaction of the Calvin Benson cycle is one catalyzed by rubisco causing the joining of carbon dioxide with RuBP. This is referred to as carbon _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glucose formed in Calvin Benson is usually converted to what disaccaride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoautotrophs provde food for ________ which use oxygen to release energy by ________ respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
Most eukaryotic cells use aerobic respiration for their ATP needs most of the time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fermentation pathways produce ATP under ________ conditions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fermentation and aerobic respiration both begin with a set of reactions called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are 3 stages for aerobic respiration:
During the _______ reactions, glucose is converted to pyruvate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are 3 stages for aerobic respiration:
During the ______ cycle of reactions pyruvate is processed to yield several useful molecules plus waste CO2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are 3 stages for aerobic respiration:
The final stage, knwn as ______________ yields the greatest amount of ATP. |
|
Definition
| electron transfer phosporylation |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell do stages 2 and 3 occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the starting molecule for glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In glycolysis:
How many ATPs are "invested" at the start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In glycolysis:
How many total ATPs are produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In glycolysis:
What is the net yield? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to ATP yield, 2 ________ molecules are also formed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule formed in glycolysis goes directly on to the second stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pyruvate from glycolysis next enters what cell organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Just before entering the Kreb's cycle, the pyruvate is changed into what molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the waste product produced by Kreb's that will be expelled from the human body in each breath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The yields from Kreb's cycle are (how many):
_____ ATP
______ NADPH
_______ FADH2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The third stage could e labeled the "big payoff" because it is here where the most molecules of _____ are made by ______ phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule is going to have phosphates added to it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the mitochondria do the third-stage reactions occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The third stage begins by using the coenzyme molecules called _______ and ______ that were produced in stage 2 (mainly) and stage 1 (some). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the H+ and e- are stripped from NADH and FADH2, they enter the electron transport chain which provides the power to pump _____ ions into the intermembrane space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ accumulates in what organelle space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the H+ are so concentrated in the intermembrane space they will diffuse back through a channel called _________ to the matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the H+ ions flow through the channel Pi will be joined to ADP to form _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the conclusion of the ETP, what molecule from the inhaled air will accept some left-over H+ to become water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is number of ATP produced by ETP alone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the ATP from ETP are added to those from Kreb's and glycolysis, the total yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the energy in glucose is retained for use by the body, that is, not lost as heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 fermentation pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both fermentations are anaerobic. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both fermentations have a net yield of ________ ATP and regenerate the coenzyme ______ to accept more H+ and e-. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Just as in aerobic respiration, both pathways begin with the breakdown of glucose via the _______ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ethanol is produced by the ________ fermentation reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bakers put yeast in bread dough for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| Release CO2 and cause the dough to expand/rise |
|
|
Term
| Is there alcohol in unbaked bread dough? Is it present in bread after baking? |
|
Definition
Yes
No
Heat evaporates it. |
|
|
Term
| The fermentation of lactose (contains glucose) in dairy products produces _______, which makes yogurt so "tangy" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some muscle fibers also produce lactate when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a meal, excess glucose is converted to molecules of _________ and stored in the liver and muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between meals when blood glucose levels begin to decline, glycogen is converted back to _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both of the conversions (glucose being converted to glycogen and glycogen converting back to glucose) are mediated by hormones from what body organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are food molecules used for long-term energy storage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA in eukaryotic cells is organized into discrete rod-like structures called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mostly, a chromosome consists of 1 DNA molecule, but as a cell prepares to divide the DNA replicates to form 2 identical DNAs known as _________ chromatids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To prevent the chromatids (=DNAs) from separating prematurely, they are held together by a _______ region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes are in each human cell (except egg or sperm)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To make the DNA more compact in the nucleus, it is wound around "spools" of proteins called ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell, there are really _____ pairs because one of each kind of chromosome came from each ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are human chromosomes arrayed in the "picture" called a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 46 human chromosomes, 44 are the same in males and females and are called ________; the remaining 2 are called _____ chromosomes because they determine gender. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human females have 2 sex chromosomes called _______. Males have one ___ and one _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who is the person credited with the discovery of DNA, even though
he did not realize its importance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Frederick Griffith's experiments, some substance (later identified as _________) came out of the harmful, heat-killed bacteria cells and transformed the harmless cells into killers! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It was in the 1940s that the "Griffith substance" was actually identified as DNA by whom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There were some doubters of Avery's identification, so the team of _______ and _______ used bacteriophage viruses to give final proof. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What famous team proposed in 1953 the correct structure of DNA by building models? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic parts of a single nucleotide? |
|
Definition
Nitrogenous base
sugar
phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 kinds of bases available for building a nucleotide for DNA. |
|
Definition
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| What did Edwin Chargaff discover about the relative amounts of A, T, G, and C? |
|
Definition
| They were the same amount. |
|
|
Term
| Watson and Crick began building their models with that basic premise that it was shaped like a _______, or spiral. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the discovery of DNA structure? |
|
Definition
| She took an x-ray crystallography image |
|
|
Term
| Watson and Crick's final model of DNA was of ____ sugar-phosphate chains running in opposite directions with the _____ pairs on the inside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the correct pairing of A, T, G, and C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 DNA can vary from another in the _____ of the base pairs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When DNA prepares to replicate, the 2 strands "unzip" between the________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each strand serves as the template for the assembly of new nucleotides directed by the enzyme _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Semiconservative" means that after replication 1 strand is "_______" and one strand is "_________". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the cell check for errors in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The information in DNA is specifically stored in the linear _______ of its bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A subset of the DNA sequence that specifies a protein is known as a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does transcription take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the transcription process, the information in DNA is transferred to what similar molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA & DNA differences:
DNA is double-stranded; RNA is _____ stranded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA & DNA differences:
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; the sugar in RNA is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA & DNA differences:
DNA has A, G, C, and T; RNA has A, G, C, and ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA & DNA differences:
DNA is basically of one kind; RNA comes in _____ main varieties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the role of each of the 3 kinds of RNA. |
|
Definition
Ribosomal-becomes part of ribosomes
Transfer-delivers amino acids to a ribosome during translation
Messenger-carries a protein-building message |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does translation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In translation the message from mRNA gets decoded to assemble a _______ molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The result of transcription, followed by translation, is called gene ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is used in transcription? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
In transcription both strands of DNA are copied into mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
In transcription only a portion of the DNA template strand unwinds at a given time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the conclusion of transcription, a single stranded mRNA with a base sequence that is__________ to that of the DNA template is formed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In post-transcription "editing" the ________ sequences are removed leaving a mature transcript of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though mRNA is a linear sequence of many bases, the transcript is "read" only _________ bases at a time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each triplet of 3 "words" is called a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The collection of 64 codons is called the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is at least 1 (some more) codon for each of the __________ that will be assembled into a finished protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first codon in all transcripts is _______ which codes for the amino acid methonine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three of the codons do not code for any amino acid; these are called _______ codons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of RNA comprises the ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes for protein assembly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On one end of the tRNA molecule there is a triplet of bases that will be complementary to the codon of mRNA; this is called the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the other end of the tRNA is an attachment site for an ________ that is specific to that RNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the process that converts the information carried in mRNA into a polypeptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To begin synthesis of a polypeptide, the first mRNA codon is _______ which in turn pairs with a tRNA bearing an anticodon of ______ carrying the amino acid called ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To elongate the polypeptide chain, a second amino acid is broughtalong side the first and a ________ bond joins the two amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of a peptide bond joining two amino acids to elongate the polypeptide chain will repeat until a _______ codon is reached causing termination of the assembly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A permanent change in the sequence of DNA is called a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations occur when:
A base is removed, called a ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations can occur when:
Extra bases are added called an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations can occur when:
A __________ pair substitution occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the genetic cause of sickle-cell anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some environmental factors that can alter DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The series of events in the life of a cell from one division until the next is called the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For most of its life, a cell in not dividing; this is called _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About midway through interphase, and between the gaps, each DNA molecule replicates; this is designated the _______ subphase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before any cell divides, its ______ molecules must be copied. This __________ the number of DNAs in the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is the name given to nuclear division mechanism in body cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does mitosis have on the number of chromosomes (=DNAs) before and after division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A diploid cell has how many sets of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are described as homologous. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are like socks, they come in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For each pair of chromosomes, you obtained one member from your ________ and the other one from your ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total number of chromosomes (=pieces of DNA) in each body cell is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human cell division produces two daughter cells each of which will have _______ chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each cell will have how many copies of each particular chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before nuclear division, each chromosome is one molecule of DNA. After replication, each chromosome consists of how many DNA molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The duplicated chromosome now has 2 DNA molecules held together (until the proper moment) by a region called the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even though the duplicated DNA molecules are more like "twins", they are actually called __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some body cells, when they become mature, are not able to divide ever again. For example, nerve cells remain in the ______ phase of interphase which prevents them from entering the _______ phase which is necessary for cell division. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis and cytoplasmic division keep chromosome numbers the same and are used by the body for what purposes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes begin to become visible with a microscope in ____________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes reach the poles and decondense in ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sister chromatids have separated and are "running for the poles" in _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nuclear membrane breaks up and disappears in _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spindle is fully formed in __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are lined up at the "equator" of the cell in ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each chromosome is atached to a spindle fiber in ___________________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclear membrane reforms in each new cell in ______________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spindle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The technical name for actual cytoplasmic division is _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In _______ cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by a contraction of filaments wrapped around the cells midsection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the presence of a cleavage furrow indicate about what is happening in the life of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents plant cells from performing cytokinesis like animal cells? |
|
Definition
| cell walls which are rigid |
|
|
Term
| Plant cells divide by the building of a _________ that separates the two newly-formed cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _________ is the term used to describe "an accumulation of cells that has lost control over how they grow and divide." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lump of neoplasm cells defines a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the word "benign" mean in describing a particular neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer describes a neoplasm that has become _______, meaning it is disrupting body tissues and functions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the word that describes the invasion of other parts of the body by malignant cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrary to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction produces variation in the offspring by doing what with the parental genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "sequences of DNA that encode inheritable information" is the definition of a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asexual reproduction (essentially mitosis) produces cells that are ________ of each other and of the parent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slightly different forms of the same gene are called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each member of a chromosome pair comes from each ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis is a nuclear division process that divides the parental chromosome number by _______ to prepare the gametes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the word "germ" mean in biology? |
|
Definition
| immature reproductive cell |
|
|
Term
| The male gamete is commonly called _______; the female gamete is the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamete cells have 1 set of chromosomes and are called _________; other cells of the body have 2 sets and are called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fertilization is the union of egg and sperm to form the ________ which will be diploid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During meiosis _____ the homologous chromosomes are separated; during meiosis _____ the sister chromatids are separated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ produces 2 new diploid cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ produces 4 haploid cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before any division process can begin, the _______ must be duplicated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prophase I of meiosis can be identified by the appearance of each chromosome, which is "double". But in meiosis what happens to the homologous chromosomes that is unique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During _______ the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell; during anaphase I, the _________ (still double) are pulled to opposite poles. |
|
Definition
meiosis
sister chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| At telophase I, the sister _______ have not separated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE
DNA is replicated between meiosis I and meiosis II. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During meiosis II, the _________ are separated as is the case in mitosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the successful conclusion of meiosis there should be how many haploid cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prophase I and metaphase I have how many "pieces" number for a
human cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many "pieces" number for a human cell are in telophase I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many "pieces" number for a human cell in prophase II and metaphase II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many "pieces" number for a human cell are in anaphase II and telophase II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not only does meiosis reduce the chromosome number by one-half, it also uses 2 mechanisms to introduce ________ so you won't look exactly like your parents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the process "in which a chromosome and its homologous partner exchange corresponding pieces of DNA"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term from poker playing could be applied to the process of crossing over? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell at metaphase I, will all of the chromosomes inherited from the father move to one pole and all the chromosomes from the mother move to the other pole? Why or Why not? |
|
Definition
No
They don't lay out that way. |
|
|
Term
| In plants, the diploid sporophyte (tree) does not produce gametes directly but instead there are 2 additional intervening stages: _______ followed by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In animals, each male reproductive cell produces a total of how many mature sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each female reproductive cell produces how many mature ova (eggs)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a polar body and what is its function? |
|
Definition
Degenerate
Ensures egg will have a haploid chromosome number |
|
|
Term
| What would be the consequence of fertilization of gametes if meiosis did not reduce the chromosome number in each generation? |
|
Definition
| double in each generation |
|
|
Term
| When comparing mitosis and meiosis, which one results in cells that are different? Which one produces cells that are the same? |
|
Definition
|
|
