Term
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Definition
| Interaction of 2 or more people based on some common interest |
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Term
| What are Characteristics of Groups? |
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Definition
Interaction among members
Share goal(s) that motivate action
Adhere to norms that guide behavior
Emergence of roles over time
emergence of attraction (like/dislike)
Source of identity
Have boundaries and environment |
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Term
| What is the difference between an Informal Group and a Formal Group? |
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Definition
Informal = no clearly defined roles or goals
Formal = Explicit rules, roles, goals |
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Term
| What is the difference between a Primary Group and a Secondary Group? |
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Definition
Primary = small groups in which relationships are both personal and enduring
Secondary - Large and impersonal social group based on specific interest or activity |
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Term
| What is the difference between In-Groups and Out-Groups? |
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Definition
In-group = toward which individual feels loyalty
Out-group = toward which individual feels antagonism |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which members remain unified in pursuit of group's goals, and how much they like each other and the group |
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Term
| What are sources of group cohesion? |
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Definition
Personal Factors = personal likeability of members, agreement with group goals, rewards of membership
Situational Factors = competition against other group, group success |
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Term
| What are consequence of group cohesion? |
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Definition
Alters communication among members
Increases group influence over members
Mixed effects on productivity |
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Term
| How do Group Structure and Group Goals relate to each other? |
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Definition
Do group goals = individual goals?
Goal setting and aspiration level
Pursuit of group goals (value and importance of the goal, clarity of the path toward the goal, feedback) |
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Term
| What are the 2 roles in group communication? |
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Definition
Task specialists
Socio-emotional specialists |
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Term
| What are status characteristics? |
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Definition
| Social Attributes around which beliefs and evaluations are organized |
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Term
| What are 2 types of status characteristics |
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Definition
Specific = height for playing basketball (has a direct relation)
Diffuse = height for playing chess (has no direct relation) |
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Term
| What is Expectation States Theory? |
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Definition
Burden of proof (must prove yourself 'equal' to others)
Multiple status characteristics |
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Term
| How do you overcome status generalization? |
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Definition
| Ideally, bring other's self perceptions 'up' to yours, don't bring their perception of you 'down' to their self-perceptions |
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Term
| What are the functions of Group Norms? |
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Definition
| Coordination, frame of reference, identity |
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Term
| What is the difference between conformity and compliance? |
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Definition
Conformity = voluntary internal attitude, belief by the individual in the group norm
Compliance = coerced external behaviour, behaviour that falls within the range of tolerable behaviour specified by the norm |
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Term
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Definition
Normative influence
Information influence |
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Term
| What are some factors affecting conformity? |
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Definition
size of majority
unanimity
attraction
commitment to future interaction
competence
gender |
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Term
| What are some barriers to independent behaviour in groups? |
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Definition
risk of disapproval
lack of perceived alternatives
fear of disrupting the group's operations
absence of communication
not feeling responsible for group
a sense of powerlessness/alienation |
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Term
| What are the 3 possible reactions to a non-conformer? |
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Definition
Try to influence them to group norms
Reject them (psychological exclusion/isolation or outright expulsion)
Change group norms to the position of non-conformer |
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Term
| What must the minority in the group do to influence the group? |
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Definition
| Become visible, create doubt, and advocate a new position/direction clearly and coherently |
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Term
| What are some factors in the effectiveness of the minority? |
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Definition
| Size of minority, consistency in viewpoint, flexible negotiating style, identity/similarity |
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