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| strategy: application of military power to achieve objectives, grand strategy: coordination and direction of all resources of a nation |
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war: limit opponents ability to do his will through application of force. continuation of policy through other means.
Tactics: conception and arrangement of strategy.
Defense: passive purpose od preservation, positive purpose of conquest.
grand tactics: manoeuvring an army
logistics: art of moving armies and executing grand tactics |
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strongest tool is the capability to use force.
defense, deterrence, compellence and swaggering.
Hobson's choice - long term versus short term. |
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| security and political economy shoudl eb the same because money (resources) = power. increased importance of economic diplomacy. |
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military technology: trilemma of the tank. defense, mobile, gunpower.
tech =/= winning (vietnam).
3 trends: quality, specification, commercial |
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| T.V. PAUL - EQUALIZERS OR CHAOS |
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3 types: nuclear, chem and biol.
1968 - non-proliferation treaty
Both, can stabilize or not, depending on region
non-discrimination of chem and biol treaties important. |
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| Military doctrine important in determining grand strategy and determine state's position in international system. not always integrated with politics. |
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attrition, blitzkrieg and limited aims.
types of defenses: static, forward, defense in depth and mobile defense. |
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deterrence now: contained but perpetuated, made background condition for cooperation.
deterrence and RATIONALITY: cost-benefit analysis assumption of self-preservation. |
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| TV PAUL - COMPLEX DETERRENCE |
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concept of value rationality: rationality skewed by resolve, ego, time...etc.
5 types of deterrence relationship: deterrence - among state powers, new nuclear states, great powers with all 3 types of WMD, nuclear and non-nuclear, and collective actors. |
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origins of war, organized violence.
assumptions: learned, long-term processes, interaction, way of making decisions, multi-causal, different types |
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| WAR: changed to attrition, terror and casualties. war was institutionalized, WW1 became total war. ww2 civilians were direct targets, as was moral. third kind: terrorism - no more honour. political as opposed to territorial reasons - guerillas. civilians are manpower and info - never trusted. |
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| TV PAUL ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS |
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Weaker states will engage in wars with stronger ones if their leaders believe they can achieve political and military objectives through the employment of a limited aims/fait accompli strategy.
- especially if leaders lack legitimacy |
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| terrorism is costly signalling through the use of violence against civilians for political goals. regime change, territory change, policy change, social control or status quo concerns. audiences are both government and people. methods: A SPOI... |
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| stag and hare analogy (rousseau) - war is caused by international anarchy. one's position in the hierarchy determines one's behaviour. arises from disequilibrium (gilpin) between prestige and power. |
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| LEVY - DOMESTIC POLITICS AND WAR |
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domestic politics are IMPORTANT in determining if a country will go to war.
national attributes, democratic vs non-democratic, economic structure, nationalism and scapegoat. SENND |
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| Second strike capacity - information, sort info, make decision and do it. Satisficer - find an option that works and do it. Game theory: trying to guess your opponents moves. |
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| Military over/under confidence : states do not engage in wars they expect to lose. Misperception the intention of the adversary, so they may choose a preventative war. Understanding the causes of war cannot be complete without a place for misperceptions. |
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deep, intermediate precipitating causes of WW1
Individual leaders lack-luster. Collective security challenges (league of nations). |
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| Hard Balancing, soft balancing, asymmetric balancing. Hegemonic stability theory, bipolarity. |
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| ALEXANDROFF AND ROSECRANCE |
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| WW2 deterrence wasn't attempted |
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| Deterrence and decision theory: high stress/distortion of information/distorted set of values. |
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| assumed superior strategy and tactics would offset japanese inferiority |
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Chinese intervention: wanted korea as a buffer + ideology.
US didn't understand people wanted communism, thus success guerrilla. |
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| role fo people in successful guerrilla warfare |
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vietnam
systemic: realpolitik, ideology
domestic: good/bad for elections
bureaucratic reality: convinced president. |
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| limited war for metropolitan power, total war for little power. little power need cohesion, big power need division |
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6 dimensions of security
density of interdependence means common security only logical approach. Absolute security not possible, relative security is. |
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| COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS |
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| human security: development increases domestic security and thus international security |
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| concert of europe is a security regime. |
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| disarmement and arms control |
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| NPT, Biological weapons convention |
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diplomacy
Works (coexistence, communication, shared language) and Doesn’t work (precedence –help and hurt, openness – help or hurt, bias) |
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| pre-negotionations, formula phase, detail phase |
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| 2:4 - challenges to international law |
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liberal pacifism: democracy force of peace
liberal imperialism: democracy through imperialism
liberal internationalism: peaceful restraint, promise peace
Peacekeeping, peacemaking, peace enforcement, peace building, direct conflict prevention. |
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peace requires:
1) liberal republics
2) universal hospitality
3) civil constitution |
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economic interdependence =no fighting
decision theory: cognitive distortion under pressure (pearl harbour)
democratic peace |
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| security community: informal regional, sovereign actors reciprocity, shared ideas and norms. fall apart when one goes rogue. |
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| institutions: stable norms and rules that govern actors and their activities – can be formal or informal - war. |
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| Security regime: system restrains powers, rather than powers restraining themselves, shared norm. reciprocity. |
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| Organizations: material entities possessing physical locations (seats), offices, personnel, equipment, and budgets. UN, WTO |
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| cooperation = peace, non-state actors important. |
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conflict resolution: resolving conflict, during or after
post conflict resolution: resolving conflict after the fact
preventative diplomacy: implementation, suppressing violence, prevent escalation or containment. |
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| capitalism leads to war through constant need to expand markets |
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| capitalism encourages peace through interdependence |
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| Results based budgeting: giving money to peacekeeping operations based on outcome, but the problem is that it is too bureaucratic. |
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