Term
| How does Mitosis counterbalance fertilization? |
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Definition
| Mitosis splits one cell into 4 haploid cells and fertilization puts two haploid cells together to make one diploid cell. |
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Term
| ________ chromosomes line pair up during prophase 1 of meiosis. They form a _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of mitosis 1 in meiosis? |
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Definition
| To separate homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| The first mitosis of meiosis results with 2 __________ (haploid/diploid) cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of mitosis 2 in meiosis? What is being split and what are they being split into? |
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Definition
| To separate sister chromatids. Diads, Monads |
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Term
| The second mitotic division of meiosis results in _____ cells that are _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of one cell going through spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of one cell going through Oogenesis? What is different about these divisions? |
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Definition
| 1 haploid Ootid, and 3 polar bodies (that will die), the Ootid will recieve most of the cytoplasm from the mother cell |
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Term
| What were the 4 principles that Mendel came up with and what are they? |
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Definition
1. Each parent contributes 1 gene for a trait, inherit 2 genes per trait
2. Dominance and Recessiveness - some traits are more dominant than others and the recessive ones will be hidden
3. Law of Segregation - copies of the gene separate so that each gamete only receives one copy
4. Independent Assortment - alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Double Ringed, Adenine and Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| Single Ringed, Cytosine and Thymine |
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Term
| Opposites strands of DNA are ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that straightens sections of the DNA before replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that "unzips" the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds? What comes after to keep the two strands apart? |
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Definition
| Helicase, Single Stranded Binding Protein |
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Term
| When the free nucleotides come in, during DNA replication, they are attached by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of RNA primer? |
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Definition
| It helps to build the new DNA strand. |
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Term
| What direction are new nucleotides inserted in DNA replication? |
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Definition
| 5' to 3' in the new strand that is being made |
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Term
| What enzyme links the leading and lagging strands? What is another name for these strands? |
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Definition
| DNA Ligase, Okasaki fragments |
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Term
| What enzyme goes through the DNA after replication to make sure there are no mistakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA is double stranded, RNA is single. DNA uses doxyribose sugar, RNA uses ribose sugar. DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. |
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Term
| During transcription what enzyme straightens the DNA? Breaks the hydrogen bonds? Holds sides apart? |
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Definition
| Topoisomerase, Helicase, Single Stranded Binding Protein |
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Term
| What enzyme brings in new nucleotides during transcription to make the mRNA? What direction are the made in the new strand? |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase, 5' to 3' (goes up the left side, down the right) |
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Term
| Where does the RNA polymerase attach to during transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What attaches to the broken off mRNA during transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme "glues" the DNA back together after the introns are spliced out of it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme cut the introns from the mRNA? What is the name of the self splicing RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What codon do you use to look up what amino acid it is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does transfer RNA find? What is done with the anticodon? |
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Definition
| The anticodon, the correct amino acid is made |
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Term
| What are the three different sites of the large subunit of the ribosomal RNA? |
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Definition
| Exit Site, Peptide Site, Amino Site |
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Term
| What are the newly formed amino acids connected by during translation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is worse in translation? Substitution or addition/deletion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of organism does the operon model include? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of an operon? |
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Definition
| Regulator, Promoter, Operator, Structural Genes. Regulator doesn't have to be next to the promoter/operator |
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Term
| What is binded to the promoter in an operon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has to be attached to the operator of an operon for it to be "off"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of a represser molecule on the RNA polymerase in an operon? |
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Definition
| Makes it so the polymerase can't attach or can't move. |
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Term
| What codes for the represser molecule in an operon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes a represser molecule go away in an operon? |
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Definition
| An effector molecule. It changes the shape of the represser molecule. |
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Term
| What is polyccistronic mRNA? |
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Definition
| polycistronic mRNA carries the information of several genes, which are translated into several proteins. |
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Term
| What are the two types of control for bacteria transcription/translation? |
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Definition
Inducilbe - Makes transcription happen by presence of the substrate causing the cells to make the necessary enzyme.
Repressible - the product acts as the effector molecule shutting down transcription of those genes. |
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Term
| What is a plasmid? What is it called if it is in the DNA loop temporarily? |
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Definition
| An extra loop of DNA that is optional and very small. Episome. |
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Term
| What are the two parts of viruses? |
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Definition
| protein capsid and DNA or RNA |
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Term
| What is a RNA virus called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process do retroviruses do to get into the host's DNA? What enzyme is used? |
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Definition
| Reverse Transcription. Reverse Transcriptase. |
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Term
| What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses? What are the steps? What is the difference between the two? |
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Definition
Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle.
1. Attachment
2. Entry (insert genetic material)
3. Replicate
4. Assembly
5. Release
In the lysogenic cycle, there is a pause after entry. |
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Term
| What is it called when viral DNA is fused with bacterial DNA? In eukaryote DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is something called that prevents a virus from replicating? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a virus spreads its genes to the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a virus deletes the gene that causes the cell to lyse. |
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Term
| What cuts DNA and what are the two types of cuts? |
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Definition
| Restriction Enzymes. Clean cuts and staggered cuts |
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Term
| What are the ends of staggered cuts called? |
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Definition
| COS Regions (sticky ends) |
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Term
| What is a transposon? What is a comlex transposon? What is the enzyme for this? |
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Definition
| A "jumping gene". Moves spots on the DNA loop. When two genes jump taking the genes inbetween them as well. Transposase |
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Term
| What are the 3 forms of DNA packing? |
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Definition
| B DNA- most common, tightly coiled right handed helix. A DNA- right handed helix, not as tight. Z DNA- is zigzagged, left handed helix. |
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Term
| When is the DNA least compacted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA called when histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H40 clump around a section of the DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA when nucleosomes are folded up? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the structure of DNA the most condensed DNA can be? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When 30nm fibers are folded up more and attached to a protein scaffold |
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Term
| What is a heterochromatin? What is a euchromatin? |
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Definition
Heterpchromatin- Stains well, genes off, condensed, twisted.
Euchromatin- loose, relaxed, genes are on, stain weakly. |
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Term
| What is there always on DNA that is in heterochromatin form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Extra X chromosomes that are always kept in heterochromatin form. |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways to control gene transcription in eukaryote cells? |
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Definition
1. Condensing DNA.
2. Methylation- adding CH3 to cytosine
3. Histone Acetylation- adding acetyl groups tohistones causing DNA to not be bound as tightly turning transcription on.
4. Use of effector molecule, promoter, regulator, operator. |
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Term
| What are cancer genes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for a carcinogen? |
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Definition
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