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Definition
| a specialized neuron that transduces a particular type of sensory stimulus into action potential |
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| a neuron carrying information from the central nervous system to a cell that produces movement |
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| a neuron that communicates information btwn 2 other neurons |
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| that portion of the nervous system that is the site of most information processing, storage, and retrieval; in vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| the portion of the nervous system that transmits information to and from the CNS, consisting of neurons that extend or reside outside the brain or spinal cord and their supporting cells |
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Definition
| part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
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| the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls such involuntary functions as those of guts and glands; also called the involuntary nervous system |
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| a nervous system cell that can generate and conduct action potentials along an axon to a synapse with another cell |
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| place on neuron where input signals converge; holds organelles and "mitochondria" |
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| a fiber of a neuron which often cannot carry action potentials; usually much branched and relatively short compared with the axon, and commonly carries information to the cell body of the neuron |
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Definition
| part of a neuron that conducts action potentials away from the cell body |
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| cells of nervous system that do not conduct action potentials |
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Definition
| type of glial cell that myelinates axons in the peripheral nercous system |
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Definition
| a type of flial cell that myelinates axons in the central nervous system |
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Definition
| a gap in the myelin sheath covering an axon; the point where the axonal membrane can fire action potentials |
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Term
membrane potential
(resting potential) |
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Definition
the difference in electrical charge btwn the inside and the outside of a cell, caused by a difference in the distribution of ions
*resting potential: membrane potential of a living cell at rest; in cells at rest, the interior is negative to the exterior |
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Definition
| anti-porter responsible for primary active transport; it pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradients |
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Definition
| continuously allows K+ ions to pass bidirectionally through the membrane |
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Definition
| responds to neurotransmitter (ligand); used in graded potentials |
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Definition
| small local changes in membrane potential caused by opening or closing of ion channels |
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Definition
| a change in the resting potential across a membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes less negative, or even positive, compared to the outside of the cell |
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Definition
| a change in the resting potential across a membrane so that the inside of a cell becomes more negative compared with the outside of the cell |
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Definition
| describes graded potentials; they are all added up to reach threshold |
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Definition
| an impulse in a neuron taking the form of a wave of depolarization or hyperpolarization |
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Definition
| depolarization; becoming more positive; Na+ VGIC activation gate opens; stimulus causes above threshold voltage |
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Definition
| repolarization; becoming more negative; Na+ inactivation gate closes and K+ channel opens; undershoot occurs as excess potassium diffuses out before K+ channel closes |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization of membrane; becoming too negative because membrane gate is slow to react |
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Term
| voltage-gated Na+ channel |
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Definition
| responds to electrical stimulus; used in action potential |
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Definition
| responds to electrical stimulus; used in action potential |
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Definition
| the rapid conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons; so called because action potentials appear to "jump" btwn. nodes of Ranvier along the axon |
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Definition
| a specialized type of junction where a neuron meets its target cell (which can be another neuron or some other type of cell) and information in the form of neurotransmitter molecules is exchanged across a synaptic cleft |
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Definition
| neural junction at which neurotransmitter molecules released from a presynaptic cell induce changes in a potsynaptic cell |
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Definition
| a type of synapse at which action potentials spread directly from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell |
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Definition
| store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse; regulated by Ca2+ |
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Definition
| In a chemical synapse, the cell that releases neurotransmitter that will stimulate the postsynaptic cell |
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Definition
| the cell taht receives information from a neuron at a synapse |
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| voltage-gated Ca++ channel |
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Definition
| triggered by action potential; located at axon terminals |
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Definition
| a substance produced in and released by a neuron (the presynaptic cell) that diffuses across a synapse and excites or inhibits another cell (the postsynaptic cell) |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that carries information across vertebrate neuromuscular junctions and some other synapses; it is then broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase |
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Definition
| GABA is an inhibitory neural stimulus |
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Definition
| the "fight or flight" hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland; it also functions as a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter found in the CNS and also at the postganglionic nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system; aka noradrenaline |
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