Term
| What type of enzymatic digestion do carnivores & piscivores use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do oily fish store fat? Give an example of a species |
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Definition
in muscles
salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines |
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Term
| Where do non-oily fish store fat? Give an example of a species |
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Definition
in liver
cod, haddock, plaice, halibut |
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Term
| What mineral is likely to be lacking if carnivores/piscivores are not eating the entire carcass? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do carnivores & piscivores handle non-digestible materials? (3) |
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Definition
-remove prior to ingestion
-separate in gizzard & egest (birds)
-not separated (reduces total digestibility) |
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Term
| How do insectivores meet their Ca requirements? |
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Definition
many are also gummivores
(exudates from trees & shrubs are high in Ca) |
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Term
| Is chitin indigestible or digestible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % chitin in grasshoppers is in the wings & tibia? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do insectivores handle chitin content? (5) |
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Definition
-choose insects with low chitin content
-remove high-chitin components
-crush & extract soft tissues
-eat whole, egest exoskeleton
-partially digest using chitinase enzyme |
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Term
| What are microfaunivores? |
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Definition
| eat other invertebrates (not insects) such as worms, molluscs, crabs, squid lobsters, spiders etc. |
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Term
| What portion of the squid is not digestible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of enzymatic digestion do grazers/browsers/folivores use? |
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Definition
alloenzymatic
(enzymes + microbial fermentation) |
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Term
| Which herbivorous species does not use alloenzymatic digestion? |
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Definition
Giant Panda
(plant cells it consumes are highly digestible, don't need fermentation) |
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Term
| What is lacking in the plant-based diet of many herbivores? |
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Definition
| lysine, methionine, sometimes salt |
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Term
| What type of enzymatic digestion do nectarivores use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is lacking in the nectar consumed by nectarivores? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do nectarivores meet their protein requirements? |
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Definition
| must also consume insects or other invertebrates, or pollen |
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Term
| What is lacking in the diet of granivores? |
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Definition
| Calcium, sometimes Phosphorous if bound in phytate |
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Term
| Why is the ash % of white-tailed deer in a coyote diet low? |
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Definition
| assume that the coyote is not eating bones or hide |
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Term
| For a coyote's diet, which has the highest ash content: white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare or lab mice? why? |
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Definition
| hare (likely eating the entire carcass) |
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Term
| For a coyote's diet, which has the highest CP content: white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare or lab mice? why? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most variable component of animal food analysis? Why? |
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Definition
ether extract
-depends on health of the prey, young/skinny/ill animals are likely targets but also will have less fat |
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Term
| For a coyote's diet, which has the highest ether extract content: white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare or lab mice? why? |
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Definition
mice
-no thermogregulation, hunting for food or escaping from predators when in a lab so will have lots of fat deposition |
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Term
| For a coyote's diet, which has the highest crude fiber content: white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare or lab mice? why? |
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Definition
| very little difference (GIT was removed from deer) |
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Term
| What is the typical gross energy of prey carcasses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do you calculate in birds, rather than digestibility? What is the formula? |
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Definition
metabolizeability
amount eaten - amount in feces - amount in urine |
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Term
| How does digestsibility of a seal eaten by polar bears compare to the coyote diet? |
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Definition
-low CP digestibility
-high EE digestibility |
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Term
| For carnivores, how do you calculate energy digestibility of intact carcasses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has a lower pH to aid bone/hair digestion, owls or hawks/falcons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is ME in birds lower or higher than DE in mammals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the earthworm a better source of calcium than other insecs / invertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Ca:P ratio in the diet of insectivore & microfaunivores is usually.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the diet of foragers & browsers highly variable? |
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Definition
-species of plant
-part of plant eaten
-age of plant
-climate
-stage of growth of the plant
-soil fertility
-toxins in plant |
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Term
| How is cellulose digested by herbivores? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| During what season is CP of plants higest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Biomass is ___ when quality of plant material is high |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During what season is CF of plants highest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During what season is soluble carbohydrate content highest in plants? |
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Definition
| 42-43% DM throughout the year |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is K high or low in most plant material? What season is it highest |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cultivated grains high or low in CF? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some reasons animals use salt licks? |
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Definition
-acquire necessary minerals
-counter rumen acidosis
-protect against plant toxins
-communition (grinding) food particles
-microbial inoculation
-fill stomach to dispel hunger
-'depraved appetite' |
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Term
| What are the types of toxins/antinutrients? |
|
Definition
-prevent digestive enzymes from reaching the food (e.g. lignin)
--intervere with digestion/growth/taste/reproduction |
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|
Term
| Pyretherins are highly toxic to ___ but not toxic to ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How can animals deal with plant toxins? |
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Definition
-selectivity
-dilution
-detoxification
-toxin binding |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind to proteins, reduce digestibility |
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Term
| What do soluble phenolics do? |
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Definition
| sterility, abortions, liver damage, infertility |
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Term
| Are cultivated grains high or low in NFE? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are weed seeds high or low in calcium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cultivated grains high or low in Calcium |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Whih are more digestible, weed seeds or cultivated grains? |
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Definition
| typically cultivated grains |
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Term
| Which is more digestible, nuts eaten by small rodents or whole carcasses eaten by carnivores? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the issue with CP consumed by fungivores |
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Definition
| CP is high in fungi, but much of it is unavailable due to cell walls / spores, or is simply non-protein nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-nutritive component found between cell wall & cell contents |
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Term
| Which type of plants do not contain silicon?? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the issue with silicon? |
|
Definition
abrasive, gritty material
reduces digestibility and can wear teeth down |
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Term
| What are secondary plant compounds? |
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Definition
| don't have a metabolic function within the plant but are toxic/harmful to herbivores |
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Term
| Are pyrethrins broad or selective? |
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Definition
| selective (only affect insects) |
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Term
| Give an example of a secondary plant compound which is not antinutritive |
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Definition
| tannins - can bind bacterial/viral/fungal pathogens in GIT to reduce infection |
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Term
| Which can be detoxified, primary or secondary plant compounds? |
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Definition
| secondary (by GIT bacteria) |
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|
Term
| 6-MBOA stimulates reproduction in ______ but causes reproductive failures in _____ |
|
Definition
herbivorous rodents
pandas |
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Term
| As fruits ripen, levels of secondary plant compounds in the fruit _____, while levels in the seed _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ is a polyphenolic which can cause reproductive failure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are more effective in binding, soluble or insoluble tannins? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
both
-can bind pathogens
-will also bind protein & digestive enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxic nitrogenous compounds |
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|
Term
| Give an example of an alkaloid |
|
Definition
nicotine (tobacco)
morphine (poppies)
conine (hemlock)
caffeine (coffee) |
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|
Term
| Lipid-based antimetabolites are known as.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a terpenoid |
|
Definition
Vit A/E/K
essential oils
pyrethrin |
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|
Term
| How is cynanide released into the GIT? |
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Definition
| animal consumes cyogenic glycoside, glycosidase enzyme releases the cyanide |
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|
Term
| Give an example of a cyanogenic glycoside |
|
Definition
linamarin
amygdalin
lotaustralin |
|
|
Term
| What minerals does phytic acid bind to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What minerals does oxalic acid bind to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would eating a large quantity of dead fish cause a thiamine deficiency? |
|
Definition
| after death, thiaminase is activated and destroys the thiamine in the fish |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is selenium considered antinutritive in excess? |
|
Definition
| gets substituted for S in methionnine & cysteine so selenoenzymes cant function |
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