Term
|
Definition
a wide variety of different foods/species
(not necessarily omnivores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only one kind of food or food species |
|
|
Term
| What do planktonivores eat? Spongivores? Crustacivores? |
|
Definition
plankton
sponges
crustaceans |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for animals who eat ants and termites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for animals who eat mussels, clams, oysters etc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for animals who eat blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Piscivores often undergo seasonal changes in fat composition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant matter do grazers typically eat? |
|
Definition
non-woody plants at ground level
grass, some forbs |
|
|
Term
| What plant matter do browsers typically eat? |
|
Definition
material from woody plants above ground level
leaves, buds, shoots, twigs |
|
|
Term
| Are goats & caribou browsers or grazers? |
|
Definition
| intermediate, they do some of both |
|
|
Term
| Concentrate selectors are equivalent to (browsers/grazers) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roughage or bulk feeders are equivalent to (browsers/grazers) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reticulorumen of roughage/grass feeders is ____ larger than that of concentrate selectors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plant material do concentrate selectors eat? |
|
Definition
| easily digestible, highly nutritious, low fibre |
|
|
Term
True or False
Concentrate selectors choose high fiber plant material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for herbivores who eat leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for herbivores who eat fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for herbivores who eat lichen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Succulent fruit is often low in calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do frugivores often feed insects to their young? |
|
Definition
| the succulent fruit they eat is low in calcium, so they obtain Ca from insects to support skeletal growth |
|
|
Term
| Why are large frugivores rare in northern climates? |
|
Definition
| fruit is often seasonal, cannot find adequate amounts to support a large animal in the off-season |
|
|
Term
True or False
The Eastern gray squirrel is a frugivore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for herbivores who eat seeds & grain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrient(s) is/are low in a nectarivore's diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A frugivore's diet is typically (low/high) in Vit C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for herbivores who eat pollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrient is pollen especially rich in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do obligate nectarivores eat insects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for herbivores who eat gums & exudates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species discussed eats only nectar & pollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do diurnal animals eat? What are some advantages/disadvantages? |
|
Definition
during the day
-can see food easily
-can be seen by predators |
|
|
Term
| When do nocturnal animals eat? What are some advantages/disadvantages? |
|
Definition
during the night
-concealed from predators, cooler in desert
-cannot see food easily |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for animals who eat at dawn & dusk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Black animals absorb ___% of light while white animals absorb ___% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of animals from the order monotremata who eat only animal food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of animals from the order tubulidentata who eat only animal food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of animals from the order pholidota who eat only animal food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of animals from the order macroscelidea who eat only animal food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mammalian orders eat only animal food? (4) |
|
Definition
Monotremata
Tubulidentata
Pholidota
Macroscelidea |
|
|
Term
| Which mammalian orders eat only plant material? (5) |
|
Definition
Lagomorpha
Perissodactyla
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Hyracoidea |
|
|
Term
Give an example animal belonging to each of the following orders:
Lagomorpha
Perissodactyla
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Hyracoidea |
|
Definition
Lagomorpha - rabbits, hares
Perissodactyla - horses, rhinos, tapirs
Proboscidea - elephants
Sirenia - manatees, dugongs
Hyracoidea - hyraxes |
|
|
Term
True or False
Red foxes & grey foxes are obligate carnivores |
|
Definition
False
They eat a substantial amount of plant material |
|
|
Term
| What nutrient requirements force felidae to be obligate carnivores? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin A, taurine, arachidonic acid |
|
|
Term
| What type of 'eater' are members of the Solenodontidae family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of 'eater' are members of the Tenrecidae family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of 'eater' are members of the Chrysochloridae family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
All animals in the order carnivora are carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some species of the order insectivora are obligate insectivores |
|
Definition
False
None of the insectivora members eat strictly insects |
|
|
Term
| Which colour of flowers typically have readily accessible nectar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are secondary consumers? |
|
Definition
| omnivores & carnovires who eat herbivores |
|
|
Term
| What are tertiary consumers? |
|
Definition
| omnivores & carnivores who eat carnivores |
|
|
Term
| Which is the only mammal with a poisonous bite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some methods employed by herbivores to avoid predators? |
|
Definition
-large groups are distracting
-camouflage / burrowing
-crepuscular & nocturnal feeding
-false-toxin coloration to deter predators |
|
|
Term
| What are the trophic feeding levels? |
|
Definition
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumes
Tertiary Consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical compound is essential for the autotrophic ability if green plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of food energy is stored in animal tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the methods of determining food habits of wild animals? |
|
Definition
1. Direct observation
2. Utilization techniques (enclosure/exclosure/cafeteria)
3. Digesta sampling (in-vivo or post-mortem)
4. Faecal analysis
5. Isotope studies
6. Adipose tissue composition |
|
|
Term
Which method is least effective for studying food habits of aquatic species?
1. Direct observation
2. Utilization techniques (enclosure/exclosure/cafeteria)
3. Digesta sampling (in-vivo or post-mortem)
4. Faecal analysis
5. Isotope studies
6. Adipose tissue composition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which would be least effective for studying food habits of crepuscular or nocturnal species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you study food habits based on utilization in an enclosure? |
|
Definition
1. survey vegetation in enclosure
2. let animals in for a period of time
4. survey vegetation after they have left |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of studying utilization in an enclosure? |
|
Definition
Pro: can estimate which parts of the plant are being eaten, which species
Con: other species e.g. slugs, rabbits etc may also have eaten the plants |
|
|
Term
| What are advantages/disadvantages to studying utilization through the cafeteria method? |
|
Definition
Pro: can see which foods are preferred out of what's offered, which parts are eaten
Con: not truly representative of what the animal might eat in the wild
animals may choose differently if the plant was growing, not already cut |
|
|
Term
Which species digest material better, and why?
Owls vs hawks |
|
Definition
| Hawks because they tear pieces from their food rather than swallowing the prey whole |
|
|
Term
| What are the pros/cons of studying food habits through pellets? |
|
Definition
Pro: more accurate than utilization techniques, non-invasive
Con: -food components poorly represented (only the non-digestible parts)
-some food components might be missing (egested exoskeletons are difficult to find) |
|
|
Term
| What are the cons of sampling digesta post-mortem from roadkill, hunters etc? |
|
Definition
-don't know time of last meal or degree of digestion
-some food components are digested far more easily than others, poorly represented |
|
|
Term
| Which food components are likely to be under-represented when analyzing digesta post-mortem or through fecal analysis? |
|
Definition
| soft-bodied inverts & fungi |
|
|
Term
| What are some disadvantages of studying food habits through fecal analysis? |
|
Definition
-unclear which species or gender produce the feces
-shape/size/consistency will vary with diet
-pH reflects lower end of the GIT
-parasites may be species specific |
|
|
Term
| Which carbon isotope is radioactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which carbon isotope is 1% stable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isotopes of an element have different numbers of ____ in the atomic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which responds more quickly to changes in diet, bones, tendons, fat or collagen? Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The fat tissue of ruminants & foregut fermenters reflects the fat in their diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Fats in the membranes of cells are indicative of the fat content of the diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the microbes in the rumen & foregut alter FA composition? |
|
Definition
hydrogenate / saturate them
destroy MUFA & PUFA
-produce FAs with odd numbers of C
-produce branched chain FAs |
|
|
Term
| Is the hippo a foregut fermenter or a ruminant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are fat depots surrounding the body core typically saturated or unsaturated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Will hibernating animals have more unsaturated fats or saturate fats in the their adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In birds, the function of the teeth is replaced by the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In birds, the function of the stomach is replaced by the ... |
|
Definition
crop (storage)
proventriculus (acid digestion)
gizzard (trituration) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an avian herbivore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a facultative carnivore, obligate carnivore, omnifore, frugivore and herbivore from the order carnivora |
|
Definition
Fac Carnivore: wolf
Obl Carnivore: polar bear
Omnivore: grizzly bear
Frugivore: black bear
Herbivore: panda |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of am omnivore & carnivore from the order insectivora |
|
Definition
Omnivore: solenodon, hedgehogs
Carnivore: tenrecs, golden mole |
|
|
