Hebrew view of mind/body

mind=body: materialistic

• Dualism

• Transported by Augustine into Christian thought

Descartes: interactionism

*mechanical processes interact with soul and soul decides what to do

*pineal gland=seat of soul

Importance of brain recognized

*Ventricles=soul

*Nerves and structure of brain seen as location of function, instead of fluids (ventricles)

*Phrenology (Gall)-->localization

solidified localization

patient couldn't produce speech

solidified localization

patient couldn't comprehend speech

*Challenged localization

*Originally in search of engram (storage for learning/memory)

*Experiment

Train animals in maze task until error free

Surgical op to destroy parts of brain

Do maze again

How long to relearn-->conclusions about location of engram

Results: more damage in any area led to longer relearning period

Conclusions:

Mass action

Equipotentiality

Lashley's concept that each area of the brain has the same potential to be responsible for all behaviors

*mid 50s: "system concept"

each part has specialized function, but the part can only do its work when its working with other parts

Brain is a modular but interacting system.

Each part needs other parts to work with it in order to work at all

Speech production

Facial recognition

Movement

personality traits

emotion

memory

learning

we are 1 thing

mind not separable from (brain) body

mentalism

materialism/reductionism

identity

epihphenomenon

emergent property

A type of monism

Only minds exist

a type of monism

aka reductionism

only brains exist

behaviorism/Skinner

Type of monism

Mind=Physical forces in brain

actions of physical entities

Type of monism

Mind (consciousness) a by-product of brains

Consciousness is real but not relavent to actual behavior

Partly true b/c we do make lots of automated decisions

Type of monism

Mind is product of organization of brain activity

Consciousness regulates behavior and alters matter (contrast to epiphenomenon)

nephesh: living, structured, organizing being,can be dead, animals, "person/self", emotions

Ruagh: wind, animals "spirit", life-principle in-breathed by God, taken at death

Psyche=nephesh

Pneuma=ruagh

A quality

2 uses:

unique human capacities

what survives after death

potential for reductionism

chepanes life

lose sense of specialness

Unconcerned for body and this life

Can't cope easily with brain damage

Emotions-bad, rationality-good

Look foolish to non-Christians

More than a body

Responsibility

Physical substance is important

Humans have value beyond contributions

     and intellect

Independent Hierarchy

systems stay close and organized

specific info consoldiated into general

little cells all converge onto one

Multiple Representation:

system is redundant

multiple streams carry info from same area, but do something different (color, black/white from same area)

Light enters through pupil (opening in iris) which can constrict/expand

Focused by lens and cornea

Projected onto retina (inverted image)

    which has visual receptors (rods/cones)

Info-->bipolar cells, converge onto ganglion

amicrine and horizontal cells at junctions b/t layers

Ganglion cells-->optic nerve

Optic chiasm: axons switch sides

Optic tract

Lateral Genticulate

Primary Visual Cortex

Secondary Visual Cortex

Tertiary Visual Cortex

After lens/cornea focus light

Cell layers: more in back, fewer in front

Receptive Layer: Rods + Cones--turn light into electrical signals

Bipolar layer

Ganglion layer

Amicrine and Horizontal cells

Low light vision

poor/no color processing

concetrated away from fovea

not much accuracy/detail

120 million

3 kinds

Bright light vision/color processing

Concetrated in fovea

10 million

Rods/cones make contact

2 poles: axon +dendrite

Each cell receives from several receptors

Converges onto Ganglion

form optic nerve

blind spot--not perceived b/c

merge 2 images (2 eyes), eye always in motion

Receptive field

(esp. ganglion cell)

*of a cell in retina or brain

*set of receptors for which presence/abscense of light affects firing rate of cell

*Cells' receptive fields increase in size as you go away from the eye

*Receptive field of receptor: point in space from which light strikes cell

*Other cells derive receptive field from the pattern of exctatory and inhibtory connections to them.

E.g. ganglion cell-->bipolar cells-->receptors.  Ganglion cell's receptive field =combined receptive field of receptors.  The receptive fields of ganglion cells converge to form receptive fields of the next level of cells

*Receptive field of ganglion cell=circular center with antagonistic doughnut shape surrounding

BIPOLAR CELL

1.  Light strikes rod

2.  Rod excites bipolar cell and horizontal cell

3.  horizontal cell inhibits bipolar cells surrounding this bipolar cell

4.  Depolarization of horizontal cell decays with distance: decreasing inhibition of cells to the sides (b/c receive no excitation, but inhibition from horiz. cell)

1.  When light excites a set of receptors, the bipolar cells all receive the same amt of excitation, but decaying amounts of inhibition

2.  The cells in the center are inhibited the most because they can get input on from both sides of the horizontal cell, but the 2 cells on the outside only get inhibitory input from one side.  So the outside cells respond more than center cells. 

3.  The cells outside of this set don’t receive any excitation from light.  But they are still inhibited by the horizontal cell, so they respond less than bipolar cells further from the area of excitation. 

So, when light falls on a receptive field, the bipolars just inside the border respond most, and those outside the border respond least, heightening the contrast so that the edges of objects can be picked out.  

GANGLION CELL

*Back of thalamus

*Where ganglion cell axons make 1st synaptic contact (after forming optic nerve, 1/2 crossing at chiasm, going through optic tract)

*Organization/Function: color processing

Green ganglion cell excites LG cell

Red ganglion inhibits LG cell

-->see green

*After looking at green for a while, you wear the cell out 

*White light should equally excite and inhibit-->nothing

*But, now inhibition wins out over excitation-->see red 

*Type of cell in primary visual cortex

*Maximally excited by bar-shaped light in certain orientation

*specific to certain areas of the retina: e.g. respond when light is shined on certain areas

*Like simple cells, but not ted to location: will respond to light shined anywhere on retina

*Respond with more or less

*sensitive to orientation

strong inhibtory regions

Respond less if you increase size of the bar

How you store sensory information

1.  Which neurons are active: law of specific nerve energies--activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same kind of info to brain

2.  The amount of receptor's response

3.  Timing of neuron's responses, determined by receptor: frequency of firing; also relative frequency to other neurons

*set of glands that release hormones into the blood stream

*Slow communication system, vs. neurotransmitters which work over short distance

*vs. exocrine glands: direct connection to organ, have duct

A chemical substance secreted by specialized cells, carried through blood stream to a target tissue

*specialized receptors on cells of target tissue

*Promote growth, proliferation of cell

*Promote differentiation of cells: what hormone t releases, how much is released, what cell does

*Modulate cell activity by

-altering reading of genetic code so sell becomes something else

-altering membrane properties

CNS, glands, hormones, blood stream organs:

*brain

*pituitary gland

*pancreas 

*Pineal gland

*Adrenal cortex

*Adrenal Medulla

*Thyroid

*Ovary

*Testis

Part of neuro-endocrine system

produces insulin

part of neuroendocrine system

releases melatonin-->affects depression

*Part of neuroendocrine system

*Atop kindey

*Releases:

androgens

estrogens

cortisol

other steroids

Part of neuroendocrine system

atop kidney

epinephrine and norepinehprine

Part of neuroendocrine system

Thyroxin

Related to depression

Part of neuroendocrine system

estrogens/progesterone: secondary traits

Part of neuroendocrine system

Androgens: secondary characteristics

*Produced by posterior pituatiry gland

*Increases milk production (crying/sucking)

*Bonding/Love

*Part of neuroendocrine system

*vascular portal system

*Receives releasing hormones from hypothalamus through blood vessels (NOT axons)

*Releases 

Lutenizing Hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH)

Released by Anterior Pit.

Increases release of Progesterone and Testosterone

Causes Release of egg from ovary

*Released by Anterior Pituitary

*Develops egg in follicle, whch causes estrogen release

*Also sperm production

*Released by Anterior Pituitary

*Affects adrenal cortex, causing it to release steroids

*Affects immune system

Periodic variation in hormones and fertility over 28 days produced by interaction of hypothalamus and pituitary with overies

1.  At end of period, anterior pituitary releases FSH

2.  FSH promotes follicle growth

3.  follicle nurtures egg and produces types of estrogen, including estradiol

4.  Toward middle of cycle, follicle builds up more and more receptors to FSH, so even though FSH is declining, its effects increase

5.  So, estradiol levels increase (periovulatory period)

6.  Estradol increase causes increased release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

7.  FSH and LH combine to cause follicle to release ovum

8.  Remnant of follicle (corpus luteum) releases progesterone which prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum and inhibits further release of LH

9.  Toward end of cycle, levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone decline

8.  Unfertilized ovum-->lining of uterus cast off, cycle begins agan

9.  Fertlized ovum: levels of estradiol and progesterone increase throughout pregnancy-->fluctating

seratonin 3-->nausea

*Temporary, direct influences on behavior 

Women:

-FSH, LH, estrogen, progestorone cycle

-more estrogen increases sex interest/behavior; highest level during periovulatory period in middle of cycle

-androgen (testosterone) stays at constant level

Men:

-hormone levels stay constant, controlled by hypoth.

-androgens more related to development than sexual activity

Hormones also affected by behavior

How hormones alter body/brain's organization--male or female characteristics in development?

Critical period--diff. for diff. brain areas

physical/social environment regulates progress of events

Long term ~activating effects:

1.  Affect hypothalmus--different in men/women b/c hormones cycle in women, not in men

2.  Septal nucleus and other limbic structures collect estradiol, and this impacts emotional regulation

3.  Progesterone alters lower brain stem

4.  Estrogen: Protection against Alzheimers? mild decline in pre-menopause

5.  Small changes in attention span, menstrual cycle; testosterone-->impuslivity-->ADHD

6.  corpus callosum

Differences in cells and functions

1.  Developmental differences b/t males and females in # of cells in hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, hypothalmus

2.  Females thicker LH, males thicker RH

3.  Females thicker corpus callosum?  

4.  Female: more interaction b/t LH and RH, 

5.  Females: different configuration in language areas?

*environment interacts, masc. and femn. on continuum, culture accentuates what is true in nature-->affects brain

1.  Emotional/motivational: 

aggression?  testosterone-->amygdala

females more emotionally responsive? small, smiling

2.  Attention:

females better than males, but fluctuates more b/c menstruation

3. memory/learning

small relaton to menstrual cycle

females recall detail

males recall spatial arrangements (enlarged RH)

1.  androgen insensitivity

-conceived male (genotype), but brain/body doesn't respond to male hormones, so often raised female

-feel like masculine females (attracted to males)

2.  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

-conceived female (genotype) but adrenal gland produces hgh amounts of testosterone

-often raised female, most attracted to men

3.  Delayed physical development

*Sex id is result of neurological, psych. and social factors; physiology doesn't entirely explain sexual preference

Genetic factors: minor role, some evidence

Response to Estrogen ???

INAH-3 cells in hypothalmus

heterosexual males have small area like females on average

Independent Hierarchy

systems stay close and organized

specific info consoldiated into general

little cells all converge onto one

Multiple Representation:

system is redundant

multiple streams carry info from same area, but do something different (color, black/white from same area)

Light enters through pupil (opening in iris) which can constrict/expand

Focused by lens and cornea

Projected onto retina (inverted image)

    which has visual receptors (rods/cones)

Info-->bipolar cells, converge onto ganglion

amicrine and horizontal cells at junctions b/t layers

Ganglion cells-->optic nerve

Optic chiasm: axons switch sides

Optic tract

Lateral Genticulate

Primary Visual Cortex

Secondary Visual Cortex

Tertiary Visual Cortex

After lens/cornea focus light

Cell layers: more in back, fewer in front

Receptive Layer: Rods + Cones--turn light into electrical signals

Bipolar layer

Ganglion layer

Amicrine and Horizontal cells

Low light vision

poor/no color processing

concetrated away from fovea

not much accuracy/detail

120 million

3 kinds

Bright light vision/color processing

Concetrated in fovea

10 million

Rods/cones make contact

2 poles: axon +dendrite

Each cell receives from several receptors

Converges onto Ganglion

form optic nerve

blind spot--not perceived b/c

merge 2 images (2 eyes), eye always in motion

Receptive field

(esp. ganglion cell)

*of a cell in retina or brain

*set of receptors for which presence/abscense of light affects firing rate of cell

*Cells' receptive fields increase in size as you go away from the eye

*Receptive field of receptor: point in space from which light strikes cell

*Other cells derive receptive field from the pattern of exctatory and inhibtory connections to them.

E.g. ganglion cell-->bipolar cells-->receptors.  Ganglion cell's receptive field =combined receptive field of receptors.  The receptive fields of ganglion cells converge to form receptive fields of the next level of cells

*Receptive field of ganglion cell=circular center with antagonistic doughnut shape surrounding

BIPOLAR CELL

1.  Light strikes rod

2.  Rod excites bipolar cell and horizontal cell

3.  horizontal cell inhibits bipolar cells surrounding this bipolar cell

4.  Depolarization of horizontal cell decays with distance: decreasing inhibition of cells to the sides (b/c receive no excitation, but inhibition from horiz. cell)

1.  When light excites a set of receptors, the bipolar cells all receive the same amt of excitation, but decaying amounts of inhibition

2.  The cells in the center are inhibited the most because they can get input on from both sides of the horizontal cell, but the 2 cells on the outside only get inhibitory input from one side.  So the outside cells respond more than center cells. 

3.  The cells outside of this set don’t receive any excitation from light.  But they are still inhibited by the horizontal cell, so they respond less than bipolar cells further from the area of excitation. 

So, when light falls on a receptive field, the bipolars just inside the border respond most, and those outside the border respond least, heightening the contrast so that the edges of objects can be picked out.  

GANGLION CELL

*Back of thalamus

*Where ganglion cell axons make 1st synaptic contact (after forming optic nerve, 1/2 crossing at chiasm, going through optic tract)

*Organization/Function: color processing

Green ganglion cell excites LG cell

Red ganglion inhibits LG cell

-->see green

*After looking at green for a while, you wear the cell out 

*White light should equally excite and inhibit-->nothing

*But, now inhibition wins out over excitation-->see red 

aka striate cortex=V1

damage-->only recognize movement, not what things are

no color perception

1st place where info is organized

Simple cells

Complex cells

hypercomplex cells

*Type of cell in primary visual cortex

*Maximally excited by bar-shaped light in certain orientation

*specific to certain areas of the retina: e.g. respond when light is shined on certain areas

*Like simple cells, but not ted to location: will respond to light shined anywhere on retina

*Respond with more or less

*sensitive to orientation

strong inhibtory regions

Respond less if you increase size of the bar

*Perceptual computing and analysis

Pulls out figure form ground

Develops form

*Size analysis

Using depth cues and experience

*Color

*Depth perception

*Movement tracking and response

With superior colliculus, motor cortex

*Often includes areas of parietal and temporal lobe

*Episodic memory for recognition

-Temporal lobe (esp. right)

-Past experence

-Interpretation (context)

-Damage:

*Visual agnosia

*Prosapagnosia

*Spatial arrangement

-parietal lobe (esp right)

-organized world: holistic experience

-negotiating world: no bumping

-Damage: Vis. org problems, visual neglect (esp. left)

*Emotional response: limbic system

man who believed parents imposters

How you store sensory information

1.  Which neurons are active: law of specific nerve energies--activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same kind of info to brain

2.  The amount of receptor's response

3.  Timing of neuron's responses, determined by receptor: frequency of firing; also relative frequency to other neurons

*set of glands that release hormones into the blood stream

*Slow communication system, vs. neurotransmitters which work over short distance

*vs. exocrine glands: direct connection to organ, have duct

A chemical substance secreted by specialized cells, carried through blood stream to a target tissue

*specialized receptors on cells of target tissue

*Promote growth, proliferation of cell

*Promote differentiation of cells: what hormone t releases, how much is released, what cell does

*Modulate cell activity by

-altering reading of genetic code so sell becomes something else

-altering membrane properties

CNS, glands, hormones, blood stream organs:

*brain

*pituitary gland

*pancreas 

*Pineal gland

*Adrenal cortex

*Adrenal Medulla

*Thyroid

*Ovary

*Testis

Part of neuro-endocrine system

produces insulin

part of neuroendocrine system

releases melatonin-->affects depression

*Part of neuroendocrine system

*Atop kindey

*Releases:

androgens

estrogens

cortisol

other steroids

Part of neuroendocrine system

atop kidney

epinephrine and norepinehprine

Part of neuroendocrine system

Thyroxin

Related to depression

Part of neuroendocrine system

estrogens/progesterone: secondary traits

Part of neuroendocrine system

Androgens: secondary characteristics

*Produced by posterior pituatiry gland

*Increases milk production (crying/sucking)

*Bonding/Love

*Part of neuroendocrine system

*vascular portal system

*Receives releasing hormones from hypothalamus through blood vessels (NOT axons)

*Releases 

Lutenizing Hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH)

Released by Anterior Pit.

Increases release of Progesterone and Testosterone

Causes Release of egg from ovary

*Released by Anterior Pituitary

*Develops egg in follicle, whch causes estrogen release

*Also sperm production

*Released by Anterior Pituitary

*Affects adrenal cortex, causing it to release steroids

*Affects immune system

Periodic variation in hormones and fertility over 28 days produced by interaction of hypothalamus and pituitary with overies

1.  At end of period, anterior pituitary releases FSH

2.  FSH promotes follicle growth

3.  follicle nurtures egg and produces types of estrogen, including estradiol

4.  Toward middle of cycle, follicle builds up more and more receptors to FSH, so even though FSH is declining, its effects increase

5.  So, estradiol levels increase (periovulatory period)

6.  Estradol increase causes increased release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

7.  FSH and LH combine to cause follicle to release ovum

8.  Remnant of follicle (corpus luteum) releases progesterone which prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum and inhibits further release of LH

9.  Toward end of cycle, levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone decline

8.  Unfertilized ovum-->lining of uterus cast off, cycle begins agan

9.  Fertlized ovum: levels of estradiol and progesterone increase throughout pregnancy-->fluctating

seratonin 3-->nausea

*Temporary, direct influences on behavior 

Women:

-FSH, LH, estrogen, progestorone cycle

-more estrogen increases sex interest/behavior; highest level during periovulatory period in middle of cycle

-androgen (testosterone) stays at constant level

Men:

-hormone levels stay constant, controlled by hypoth.

-androgens more related to development than sexual activity

Hormones also affected by behavior

How hormones alter body/brain's organization--male or female characteristics in development?

Critical period--diff. for diff. brain areas

physical/social environment regulates progress of events

Long term ~activating effects:

1.  Affect hypothalmus--different in men/women b/c hormones cycle in women, not in men

2.  Septal nucleus and other limbic structures collect estradiol, and this impacts emotional regulation

3.  Progesterone alters lower brain stem

4.  Estrogen: Protection against Alzheimers? mild decline in pre-menopause

5.  Small changes in attention span, menstrual cycle; testosterone-->impuslivity-->ADHD

6.  corpus callosum

Differences in cells and functions

1.  Developmental differences b/t males and females in # of cells in hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, hypothalmus

2.  Females thicker LH, males thicker RH

3.  Females thicker corpus callosum?  

4.  Female: more interaction b/t LH and RH, 

5.  Females: different configuration in language areas?

*environment interacts, masc. and femn. on continuum, culture accentuates what is true in nature-->affects brain

1.  Emotional/motivational: 

aggression?  testosterone-->amygdala

females more emotionally responsive? small, smiling

2.  Attention:

females better than males, but fluctuates more b/c menstruation

3. memory/learning

small relaton to menstrual cycle

females recall detail

males recall spatial arrangements (enlarged RH)

1.  androgen insensitivity

-conceived male (genotype), but brain/body doesn't respond to male hormones, so often raised female

-feel like masculine females (attracted to males)

2.  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

-conceived female (genotype) but adrenal gland produces hgh amounts of testosterone

-often raised female, most attracted to men

3.  Delayed physical development

*Sex id is result of neurological, psych. and social factors; physiology doesn't entirely explain sexual preference

Hebrew view of mind/body

mind=body: materialistic

• Dualism

• Transported by Augustine into Christian thought

Descartes: interactionism

*mechanical processes interact with soul and soul decides what to do

*pineal gland=seat of soul

Importance of brain recognized

*Ventricles=soul

*Nerves and structure of brain seen as location of function, instead of fluids (ventricles)

*Phrenology (Gall)-->localization

solidified localization

patient couldn't produce speech

solidified localization

patient couldn't comprehend speech

*Challenged localization

*Originally in search of engram (storage for learning/memory)

*Experiment

Train animals in maze task until error free

Surgical op to destroy parts of brain

Do maze again

How long to relearn-->conclusions about location of engram

Results: more damage in any area led to longer relearning period

Conclusions:

Mass action

Equipotentiality

Lashley's concept that each area of the brain has the same potential to be responsible for all behaviors

*mid 50s: "system concept"

each part has specialized function, but the part can only do its work when its working with other parts

Speech production

Facial recognition

Movement

personality traits

emotion

memory

learning

we are 1 thing

mind not separable from (brain) body

mentalism

materialism/reductionism

identity

epihphenomenon

emergent property

A type of monism

Only minds exist

a type of monism

aka reductionism

only brains exist

behaviorism/Skinner

Type of monism

Mind=Physical forces in brain

actions of physical entities

Type of monism

Mind (consciousness) a by-product of brains

Consciousness is real but not relavent to actual behavior

Partly true b/c we do make lots of automated decisions

Type of monism

Mind is product of organization of brain activity

Consciousness regulates behavior and alters matter (contrast to epiphenomenon)

nephesh: living, structured, organizing being,can be dead, animals, "person/self", emotions

Ruagh: wind, animals "spirit", life-principle in-breathed by God, taken at death

Psyche=nephesh

Pneuma=ruagh

A quality

2 uses:

unique human capacities

what survives after death

potential for reductionism

chepanes life

lose sense of specialness

Unconcerned for body and this life

Can't cope easily with brain damage

Emotions-bad, rationality-good

Look foolish to non-Christians

More than a body

Responsibility

Physical substance is important

Humans have value beyond contributions

     and intellect