Term
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Definition
| a reason for accepting the conclusion of the argument |
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Term
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Definition
| the claim that an argument is trying to establish |
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Term
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Definition
| a group if claims consisting of one or more premises and a conclusion that supposedly follows from the premises |
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Term
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Definition
An argument with unstated premise or conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Choose the interpretation of an argument which makes the most sense from a logical point of view |
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Term
| What's the difference between deductive and inductive arguments? |
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Definition
Deductive-Logically impossible for the premise to be true and the conclusion to be false
Inductive- the premise doesn’t guarantee the truth of their conclusion
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Term
| What is a valid deductive argument? |
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Definition
| Logically impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false |
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Term
| What is a sound deductive argument? |
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Definition
| contains only true premises |
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Term
| What is a strong inductive argument? |
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Definition
| Establish the conclusion with a high degree of probability if its premises were true |
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Term
What is the logical form of Affirming the antecedent
(modus Ponens)
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Definition
If p, then q.
p.
Therefore, q. |
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Term
Denying the consequent
(Modus Tollens)
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Definition
If p, then q.
Not q.
Therefore, not p. |
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Term
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Definition
If p, then q.
If p, then r.
TF, if p, then r. |
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Term
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Definition
If p, then q.
q.
TF, p.
Invalid |
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Term
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Definition
If p, then q.
Not p.
TF, not q.
Invalid |
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Term
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Definition
1. X % of the observed members of A are B
2. TF, X % of the entire group A are B
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Term
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Definition
1. Object A has properties F-Z
2. Object B has properties F-Y
3. TF, object B probably has property Z
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Term
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Definition
1. Phenomenon P
2. If hypothesis h were true, it would be the best explanation of P
3. TF, h is probably true
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Term
| What are the criteria of adequacy for good explanations? |
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Definition
Features that distinguish good theories from bad:
-consistency
-simplicity
-scope
-conservatism
-fruitfulness
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Term
| What are informal fallacies? |
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Definition
1. Contains unacceptable premises
2. Irrelevant premises
3. Insufficient premises
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Term
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Definition
Begging the question- arguing in a circle
False dilemma- assumes only two options when there are more
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Term
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Definition
Equivocation-word used in two senses
Composition- what is true of parts is “true of whole”
Division-what is true of whole is true of parts
Argument against the person
Genetic Fallacy- claim something is true or false based on origin
Appeal to unqualified authority
Appeal to the masses
Appeal to tradition
Appeal to ignorance- opponent’s inability to disprove as proof of your correctness
Appeal to fear
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what is true of parts is “true of whole” |
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Term
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Definition
| what is true of whole is true of parts |
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Term
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Definition
| claim something is true or false based on origin |
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Term
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Definition
| opponent’s inability to disprove as proof of your correctness |
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