Term
|
Definition
| reproduction of prokaryote by division fo a cell into two comparable progeny cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence at which helicase unwinds the DNA double helix and DNA polymerase binds to initiate DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end point of replication through binary fission on prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a partition or cross-wall appearing in the hyphae of some fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear division in eukaryotes leading to the formation of two daughter nuclei, each with a chromosome complement identical to that of the original nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in bacteria and viruses, the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the genetic info of the cell or virus.
in eukaryotes, a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bears part of the genetic info of the cell |
|
|
Term
chromatid
(sister chromatid) |
|
Definition
| a newly replicated chromosome, from the time molecular duplication occurs until the time the centromeres separate (during anaphase of mitosis or of meiosis II) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nucleic acid-protein complex that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any one of a group of proteins forming the core of a nucleosome, the structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a portion of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of part of the DNA molecule wrapped around a group of histone molecules, and held together by another type of histone molecule
*the chromosome is made up of many nucleosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of DNA compaction when nucleosomes are compacted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having a chromosome complement consisting of just one copy of each chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having a chromosome complement consisting of two copies (homologs) of each chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of a pair of chromosomes having the same overall genetic compostion and sequence
*in diploid organisms, each chromosome inherited from one parent is matched by an identical chromosome--its homolog--from the other parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of a chromosome where sister chromatids join; thinning area in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized structure on a centromere to which microtubules attach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
period btwn. successive nuclear divisions during which the chromosomes are diffuse and the nuclear envelope is intact
*the cell is most active in transcribing and translating genetic info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal functioning state of the cell; during G1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear division in eukaryotes leading to the formation of two daughter nuclei, each with a chromosome complement identical to that of the original nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first stage of nuclear division, during which chromosomes condense from diffuse, threadlike material to descrete, compact bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phase of nuclear division that begins with the disintegration of the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage in nuclear division at which the centromeres of the highly supercoiled chromosmoes are all lying on a plane (the metaphase plane or plate) perpendidcular to a line connecting the division poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage in cell nuclear division at which the first separation of sister chromatids (or, in the first meiotic division, of paried homologs) occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the final phase of mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes became diffuse, nuclear envelopes re-form, and nucleoli begin to reappar in the daughter nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm of a dividing cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used during cytokinesis of an animal cell; made of actin/myosin and attached to inner membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used during cytokinesis of plants; vesicles line up and fuse inside cell to form new cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of a phosphate group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| points of transition btwn different phases of the cell cycle, which are regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk's) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that activates a cyclin-dependent kinase, bringing about transitions in the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
cyclin-dependent kinase
(Cdk) |
|
Definition
| a protein kinase whose target proteins are involved in transitions in the cell cycle and which is active only when complexed with additional protein subunits, called cyclins |
|
|
Term
anaphase promoting complex
(APC) |
|
Definition
| transmits signal for anaphase to proceed; activates separase; destroys cyclins so cell can exit mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolytic enzyme that breaks the bonds of cohesin proteins and allows the sister chromatids to separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal signals that stimulate cyclin production and cell division
*ex: growth factors and growth factor receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a gene that codes for a protein product that stimulates cell proliferation; mutations in oncogenes that result in excessive cell proliferation can give rise to cancer
*mutated, abnormal proto-oncogene that is overactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that codes for a protein product that inhibits cell proliferation; inactive in cancer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
division of a diploid nucleus to produce four haploid daughter cells; the process consists of two successive nuclear divisions with only one cycle of chromosome replication
*in meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate but retain their chromatids
*in meiosis II, the division is similar in mitosis, chromatids separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the cells of the body that are not specialized for reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that produce gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highly specific parallel alignment (pairing) of homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the mechanism by which linked genes undergo recombination
*in general, the term refers to the reciprocal exchange of corresponding segments btwn two homologous chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an X-shaped connection btwn paired homologous chromosomes in prohase I of meiosis
*a chiamsa is the visible manifestation of crossing over btwn homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
