Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| nervousness or agitation that we sometimes experience, often about something that is going to happen |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychological disturbances marked by irrational fears, often of everyday objects and situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder diagnosed in situations in which a person has been excessively worrying about money, health, work, family life and/or relationships for at least 6 months and when the anxiety causes significant distress and dysfunction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent panic attacks that reaches a peak within minutes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a specific fear of a certain object, situation, or activity |
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Term
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Definition
| an extreme fear or anxiety about at least one social situation, such as having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people, where the affected person feels at risk for scrutiny by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| marked fear or anxiety about at least two types of situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder that is diagnosed when an individual continuously experiences obsessions (distressing, intrusive, or frightening thoughts), and engages in compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts)in an attempt to calm these obsessions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Applying psychological science to our understanding and treatment of psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| an ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society. |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders in which the person’s mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition characterized by mild, but chronic, depressive symptoms that last for at least 2 years. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by swings in mood from overly “high” to sad and hopeless, and back again, with periods of near-normal mood in between. |
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Term
| serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. |
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Definition
| a serious psychological disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a psychological condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| false sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| are false beliefs not commonly shared by others within one’s culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause problems in personal, social, and work situations |
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by a prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behavior, fears of abandonment, and impulsivity. |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by a disregard of the rights of others, and a tendency to violate those rights without being concerned about doing so. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a developmental behavior disorder characterized by problems with focus, difficulty maintaining attention, and inability to concentrate, in which symptoms start before 7 years of age |
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Term
|
Definition
| a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication across different life settings (e.g., home, school) and by restricted and repetitive behavior, interests or activities, and in which symptoms begin during early childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorder in which two or more distinct and individual personalities exist in the same person, and there is an extreme memory disruption regarding personal information about the other personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| an evaluation of the patient’s psychological and mental health. |
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Term
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Definition
| the professional treatment for psychological disorder through techniques designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight. |
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Term
Psychodynamic therapy
(psychoanalysis) |
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Definition
| a psychological treatment based on Freudian and neo-Freudian personality theories in which the therapist helps the patient explore the unconscious dynamics of personality. |
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Term
|
Definition
| allowing the therapist to try to understand the underlying unconscious problems that are causing the symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| the therapist listens while the client talks about whatever comes to mind, without any censorship or filtering. |
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Term
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Definition
| to analyze the symbolism of the dreams in an effort to probe the unconscious thoughts of the client and interpret their significance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an understanding of the unconscious causes of the disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| using defense mechanisms to avoid the painful feelings in his or her unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| the patient unconsciously redirects feelings experienced in an important personal relationship toward the therapist |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological treatment based on the personality theories of Carl Rogers and other humanistic psychologists. |
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Term
Person-centered therapy
(client-centered therapy) |
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Definition
| an approach to treatment in which the client is helped to grow and develop as the therapist provides a comfortable, nonjudgmental environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a psychological treatment that helps clients identify incorrect or distorted beliefs that are contributing to disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychological treatment that is based on principles of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavioral therapy based on the classical conditioning principle of extinction in which people are confronted with a feared stimulus with the goal of decreasing their negative emotional responses to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a client is exposed to the source of his fear all at once. |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavioral treatment that combines imagining or experiencing the feared object or situation with relaxation exercises. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a second incompatible response (relaxation, e.g., through deep breathing) is conditioned to an already conditioned response (the fear response). |
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Term
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Definition
| he therapist uses computer-generated, three-dimensional, lifelike images of the feared stimulus in a systematic desensitization program. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of behavior therapy in which positive punishment is used to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior. |
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Term
Cognitive-behavior therapy
(CBT) |
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Definition
| a structured approach to treatment that attempts to reduce psychological disorders through systematic procedures based on cognitive and behavioral principles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an approach to treatment in which the therapist uses whichever techniques seem most useful and relevant for a given patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatments designed to reduce psychological disorder by influencing the action of the central nervous system. |
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Term
| Antidepressant medications |
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Definition
| drugs designed to improve moods. |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs that help relieve fear or anxiety. |
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Term
Antipsychotic drugs
(neuroleptics) |
|
Definition
| drugs that treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes uncontrollable muscle movements, usually in the mouth area. |
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Term
Electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT) |
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Definition
| a medical procedure designed to alleviate psychological disorder in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure. |
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Term
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS) |
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Definition
| a medical procedure designed to reduce psychological disorder that uses a pulsing magnetic coil to electrically stimulate the brain as shown in the following figure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in the hope of improving disorder, is reserved for the most severe cases. The most well-known psychosurgery is the prefrontal lobotomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychotherapy in which clients receive psychological treatment together with others |
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Term
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Definition
| families meeting together with a therapist |
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Term
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Definition
| a voluntary association of people who share a common desire to overcome psychological disorder or improve their well-being. |
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Term
| Community mental health services |
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Definition
| psychological treatments and interventions that are distributed at the community level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevention in which all members of the community receive the treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| is more limited and focuses on people who are most likely to need it—those who display risk factors for a given disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities that make it more likely than average that a given individual will develop a disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment, such as psychotherapy or biomedical therapy, that focuses on people who are already diagnosed with disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| the possibility that people might get better over time, even without treatment. |
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Term
| Nonspecific treatment effects |
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Definition
| occur when the patient gets better over time simply by coming to therapy, even though it doesn’t matter what actually happens at the therapy sessions. |
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Term
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Definition
| improvements that occur as a result of the expectation that one will get better rather than from the actual effects of a treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw conclusions about those studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the effectiveness of treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| concerns the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). |
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Term
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Definition
| when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father. |
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Term
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Definition
| when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother’s two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| starts as a fertilized egg, or ovum, with the full complement of 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be known as a fetus) lives until birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material. |
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Term
|
Definition
| links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beginning in the 9th week after conception, the embryo becomes a fetus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances that can harm the fetus, |
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Term
Fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS) |
|
Definition
| a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities, genital anomalies, and mental retardation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the newborn does have a variety of responses to environmental stimuli that appear from the first day of life, and some start to appear before birth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| patterns of knowledge in long-term memory—that help them remember, organize, and respond to information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| use already developed schemas to understand new information |
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Term
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Definition
| involves learning new information, and thus changing the schema. |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct physical interactions that babies have with the objects around them. |
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Term
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Definition
| child’s ability to know that an object exists even when the object cannot be perceived. |
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Term
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Definition
| children begin to use language and to think more abstractly about objects, but their understanding is more intuitive and without much ability to deduce or reason. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to take another person’s viewpoint |
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Term
| Concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| marked by more frequent and more accurate use of transitions, operations, and abstract concepts, including those of time, space, and numbers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object. |
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Term
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Definition
| marked by the ability to think in abstract terms and to use scientific and philosophical lines of thought. |
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Term
|
Definition
| take place symbolically in our minds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| caregivers can support the child to achieve higher cognitive levels by providing support and guidance. |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| abilities that a child is just starting to be able to use |
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Term
|
Definition
| the realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind and actions are separate from those of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| a knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge about ourselves, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soon after children enter grade school (at about age 6 or 7), they begin to evaluate themselves against their observations of other children |
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Term
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Definition
| The emotional bonds we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger. |
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Term
Ambivalent attachment style
(insecure-resistant) |
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Definition
| is wary about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to the mother rather than exploring the toys. |
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Term
Avoidant attachment style
(insecure-avoidant) |
|
Definition
| will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. |
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Term
| Disorganized attachment style |
|
Definition
| seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation—the child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns, or the child may approach the mother but then freeze or fall to the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| the innate personality characteristics of the infant. Specifically, temperament is the infant’s distinctive pattern of attention, arousal, and reactivity to new or novel situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| parental behaviors that determine the nature of parent–child interactions and that guide their interaction with the child. |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to make few demands and give little punishment, but they are responsive in the sense that they generally allow their children to make their own rules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are demanding (“You must be home by curfew”), but they are also responsive to the needs and opinions of the child |
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Term
| Rejecting-neglecting parents |
|
Definition
| are undemanding and unresponsive overall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood |
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Term
|
Definition
| a developmental period in which hormonal changes cause rapid physical alterations in the body, culminating in sexual maturity. |
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Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| the sex organs concerned with reproduction. |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| features that distinguish the two sexes from each other but are not involved in reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first menstrual period, typically experienced at around 12 or 13 years of age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the beginning of sperm development in boys' testicles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the area of the brain responsible for reasoning, planning, and problem solving |
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Term
|
Definition
| the fatty tissue that forms around axons and neurons and helps speed transmissions between different regions of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| adolescents believe that they can do anything and that they know better than anyone else, including their parents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| they feel that everyone is constantly watching them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| it was normative for adolescents to “try on” different roles to determine what their identity would become. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Some teens may simply adopt the beliefs of their parents or the first role that is offered to them, perhaps at the expense of searching for other, |
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Term
|
Definition
| Other teens may spend years trying on different possible identities (moratorium status) before finally choosing one. |
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Term
| Identity-achievement status |
|
Definition
| Eventually, most teenagers integrate the different possibilities into a single self-concept and a comfortable sense of identity |
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Term
| Preconventional level of morality |
|
Definition
| Until about age 9, children focus on self-interest. At this stage, punishment is avoided and rewards are sought. A person at this level will argue, “The man shouldn’t steal the drug because he may get caught and go to jail.” |
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Term
| Conventional level of morality |
|
Definition
| By early adolescence, the child begins to care about how situational outcomes impact others and wants to please and be accepted. At this developmental phase, people are able to value the good that can be derived from holding to social norms in the form of laws or less formalized rules. For example, a person at this level may say, “He should not steal the drug because everyone will see him as a thief, and his wife, who needs the drug, wouldn’t want to be cured because of thievery,” or “No matter what, he should obey the law because stealing is a crime.” |
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Term
| Postconventional level of morality |
|
Definition
| At this stage, individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behaviors. Moral behavior is based on self-chosen ethical principles that are generally comprehensive and universal, such as justice, dignity, and equality. Someone with self-chosen principles may say, “The man should steal the drug to cure his wife and then tell the authorities that he has done so. He may have to pay a penalty, but at least he has saved a human life.” |
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Term
| Intimacy versus isolation |
|
Definition
| the conflict we face in learning to give and receive love in a close, long-term relationship. |
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Term
| Generativity versus stagnation |
|
Definition
| he conflict we face in developing an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming parents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cessation of the menstrual cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| the culturally preferred “right time” for major life events, |
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Term
|
Definition
| the final life stage, beginning in the 60s |
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Term
| Crystallized intelligence |
|
Definition
| general knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly—which favor the young. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a form of dementia that, over a period of years, leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning, and that is ultimately fatal |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to control and productively use one’s emotions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| defined as the experience of feeling or emotion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a driving force that initiates and directs behavior. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the interface between affect and physical health—that principle that “everything that is physiological is also psychological” |
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Term
|
Definition
| proposes that emotions and arousal occur at the same time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience. |
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|
Term
| Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer’s two-factor theory |
|
Definition
| the arousal that we experience is basically the same in every emotion, and that all emotions (including the basic emotions) are differentiated only by our cognitive appraisal of the source of the arousal. |
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Term
| Misattribution of arousal |
|
Definition
| The tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing |
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Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon that occurs when people who are already experiencing arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise (and some psychologists also include contempt). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions |
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|
Term
| The facial feedback hypothesis |
|
Definition
| proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a general tendency to expect positive outcomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to be less affected by life’s stressors can be characterized as an individual difference measure that has a relationship to both optimism and self-efficacy |
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Term
|
Definition
| internal states that are activated when the physiological characteristics of the body are out of balance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the natural state of the body’s systems, with goals, drives, and arousal in balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the natural state of the body’s systems, with goals, drives, and arousal in balance |
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Term
|
Definition
| they are getting a reward such as money or praise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pancreas gland. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of energy expended while at rest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by extremely low body weight, distorted body image, an obsession with exercise, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| measurement that compares one's weight and height. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the main hormone responsible for arousal for men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sometimes called the love hormone, it promotes closeness and bonding. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperactive sexual desire disorder |
|
Definition
| the sex drive is so strong that it dominates life experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the direction of our sexual desire toward people of the opposite sex, people of the same sex, or people of both sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the part of human thinking that helps us understand and predict the behavior of ourselves and others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group memberships |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when our expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave in ways that make those beliefs come true. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of trying to determine the causes of people’s behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities |
|
|
Term
| Dispositional attribution |
|
Definition
| the source or cause of the behavior was due to characteristics that reside within the individual; |
|
|
Term
Fundamental attribution error
(correspondence bias) |
|
Definition
| he common tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors and overlook the impact of situations in judging others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inappropriate. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist pressures to conform |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or more slowly in the presence of othe |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when a group made up of members who may be very competent and thus quite capable of making excellent decisions nevertheless ends up, as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures, making a poor decision. |
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