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Scopes and Methods
Political Research Methods Notes 1st exam
33
Political Studies
Undergraduate 4
02/21/2012

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Term
overgeneralization
Definition
look at one or a few cases and generalize to all
HORIZONTAL
Term
Ecological Fallacy
Definition
Generalizing from one level of analysis to another.
whats true for one level of analysis isnt necessarily true for other
VERTICAL
Term
Selective observation
Definition
only examine or accept those cases consistent with your generalization
Solution: Examine all cases or test a representative sample
Term
Deduced Information
Definition
Create or invent the existence of something to explain away a contradiction between your generalization and some observation
Term
Illogical reasoning
Definition
faulty use of systems of logic
Term
Mystification of Residuals
Definition
Cannot explain something via natural causes so we revert to something higher?
Term
What are the 2 major pillars of Scientific Methodology
Definition
Logical reasoning and empirical verification
Term
Empirical verification
Definition
final touch stone
no matter how convincing, must be empirically verified
Term
Scientific Methodology BENEFITS
Definition
by having explicit concepts, rules, and procedures, it promotes communication
can replicate their weakness
Term
Scientific Methodology LIABILITIES
Definition
criteria may be wrong, hence you may be denying something that is really true or false
Term
Induction v Deduction
Definition
Induction: research then theory

Deduction: theory then research
Term
Plausible interpretation
Definition
combine logical scenario with selected facts to account for an event
Evidence is neither complete nor representative
Term
What is the First step in the research progress
Definition
Problem
Term
Formal Theory
Definition
symbolic construction that represents the real world
exists only in our mind and is meant to be a replica of the real world
the key components are:
Concepts (most fundamental)
Hypothesis (second and links the two realms together)
Term
Concepts (definition)
Definition
an abstraction representation of an object, a property of an object, or a certain phenomenon

an abstraction referring to some empirical phenomenon

a symbol to which we assign numbers
Term
Functions of Concepts
Definition
Classification
A basis for communication
building blocks in theory
point of view (way of looking at the world)
Term
Conceptual Definition
Definition
these are normal definitions
they cant be wrong
never repeat the name of the concept in the definition
are state positivily (what is, not what isnt)
inclusive (includes all of what it is)
state in clear terms
Term
Good Operational Definition
Definition
definition that crosses the barrier between mind and matter
set of measurement procedures which if performed, tell us whether something exist or to the degree it exist
overall, want to squeeze out as much error as possible
Term
What are the two types of operational definitions
Definition
Measure: direct observation and includes all of the concept

Indicator: lacks one or both of the above
Term
Why would we have multiple operational definitions
Definition
for validity: convergence of principals
unknown overlap of indicator
Term
Multidimensional or Complex concepts
Definition
Term
Hypothesis (Definition)
Definition
Tentative answers to research questions and are expressed in the form of relationships

conjectural statement of the relationship between 2 or more variables
Term
Why are hypothesis important?
Definition
they can be empirically tested and found to be true or false
first step in linking things together
allows us to get out of ourselves and let ideas stand on their own, not on an individuals judgments or perceptions
Term
Universal Law v Probability statement
Definition
Universal Law: if X changes then Y always changes

Probability Statement: if X changes then Y changes most of the time
Term
Covariation of Particular Values
Definition
men are more likely to vote for republicans than women
Term
Covariation of Magnitude
Definition
The higher level of education the more frequently they vote
Term
Multiple Independent Variable
Definition
If it is cold outside and not sunny, people will be more cranky
Term
Conditional Hypothesis
Definition
if X happens then Y will happen but only for men
Term
what are the 3 properties of relationships?
Definition
Strength of the relationship (do they covary all the time? sometime?)

Direction (positive vs negative relationship)

Nature or Form (linear v curvilinear)
Term
What are the types of relationships
Definition
Property disposition (attribute): covariation between a quality or characteristic. ex: social class and party identification

Stimulus Response: independent variable (stimulus) is manipulated by the researcher and the response is observed
Term
Characteristics of a scientific hypothesis
Definition
1. Must be falsifiable
2. Must cary clear implications for empirical testing (you need to be able to actually test something)
3. non-value bearing (must be states as IS not OUGHT)

*clarity of conceptual and operational definitions
*specify the relationship you are looking for and how you know when you found it
Term
4 elements of scientific theory
Definition
1. Empirical, not normative
2. Symbolic :..........
3. Hypotheses that are interrelated
4. Axiomatic
Term
4 Functions of Theory
Definition
1. Tell us what to think
2. Tess us how things are related to each other
3. Use knowledge to predict and explain events
4..........
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