Term
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Definition
look at one or a few cases and generalize to all
HORIZONTAL |
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Term
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Definition
Generalizing from one level of analysis to another.
whats true for one level of analysis isnt necessarily true for other
VERTICAL |
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Definition
only examine or accept those cases consistent with your generalization
Solution: Examine all cases or test a representative sample |
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Definition
| Create or invent the existence of something to explain away a contradiction between your generalization and some observation |
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Definition
| faulty use of systems of logic |
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Term
| Mystification of Residuals |
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Definition
| Cannot explain something via natural causes so we revert to something higher? |
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Term
| What are the 2 major pillars of Scientific Methodology |
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Definition
| Logical reasoning and empirical verification |
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Term
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Definition
final touch stone
no matter how convincing, must be empirically verified |
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Term
| Scientific Methodology BENEFITS |
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Definition
by having explicit concepts, rules, and procedures, it promotes communication
can replicate their weakness |
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Term
| Scientific Methodology LIABILITIES |
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Definition
| criteria may be wrong, hence you may be denying something that is really true or false |
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Term
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Definition
Induction: research then theory
Deduction: theory then research |
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Term
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Definition
combine logical scenario with selected facts to account for an event
Evidence is neither complete nor representative |
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Term
| What is the First step in the research progress |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
symbolic construction that represents the real world
exists only in our mind and is meant to be a replica of the real world
the key components are:
Concepts (most fundamental)
Hypothesis (second and links the two realms together) |
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Term
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Definition
an abstraction representation of an object, a property of an object, or a certain phenomenon
an abstraction referring to some empirical phenomenon
a symbol to which we assign numbers |
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Term
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Definition
Classification
A basis for communication
building blocks in theory
point of view (way of looking at the world) |
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Term
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Definition
these are normal definitions
they cant be wrong
never repeat the name of the concept in the definition
are state positivily (what is, not what isnt)
inclusive (includes all of what it is)
state in clear terms |
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Term
| Good Operational Definition |
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Definition
definition that crosses the barrier between mind and matter
set of measurement procedures which if performed, tell us whether something exist or to the degree it exist
overall, want to squeeze out as much error as possible |
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Term
| What are the two types of operational definitions |
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Definition
Measure: direct observation and includes all of the concept
Indicator: lacks one or both of the above |
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Term
| Why would we have multiple operational definitions |
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Definition
for validity: convergence of principals
unknown overlap of indicator |
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Term
| Multidimensional or Complex concepts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tentative answers to research questions and are expressed in the form of relationships
conjectural statement of the relationship between 2 or more variables |
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Term
| Why are hypothesis important? |
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Definition
they can be empirically tested and found to be true or false
first step in linking things together
allows us to get out of ourselves and let ideas stand on their own, not on an individuals judgments or perceptions |
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Term
| Universal Law v Probability statement |
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Definition
Universal Law: if X changes then Y always changes
Probability Statement: if X changes then Y changes most of the time |
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Term
| Covariation of Particular Values |
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Definition
| men are more likely to vote for republicans than women |
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Term
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Definition
| The higher level of education the more frequently they vote |
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Term
| Multiple Independent Variable |
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Definition
| If it is cold outside and not sunny, people will be more cranky |
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Term
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Definition
| if X happens then Y will happen but only for men |
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Term
| what are the 3 properties of relationships? |
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Definition
Strength of the relationship (do they covary all the time? sometime?)
Direction (positive vs negative relationship)
Nature or Form (linear v curvilinear) |
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Term
| What are the types of relationships |
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Definition
Property disposition (attribute): covariation between a quality or characteristic. ex: social class and party identification
Stimulus Response: independent variable (stimulus) is manipulated by the researcher and the response is observed |
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Term
| Characteristics of a scientific hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Must be falsifiable
2. Must cary clear implications for empirical testing (you need to be able to actually test something)
3. non-value bearing (must be states as IS not OUGHT)
*clarity of conceptual and operational definitions
*specify the relationship you are looking for and how you know when you found it |
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Term
| 4 elements of scientific theory |
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Definition
1. Empirical, not normative
2. Symbolic :..........
3. Hypotheses that are interrelated
4. Axiomatic |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tell us what to think
2. Tess us how things are related to each other
3. Use knowledge to predict and explain events
4.......... |
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