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SCLOA
Concepts from SCLOA
39
Psychology
Professional
03/22/2016

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Cards

Term
State the three principals of SCLOA
Definition
1. Social and cultural environment influences behaviour.
2. Humans are social beings that feel the need to belong.
3. The social and cultural environment influences behaviour.
Term
State the different methods used in research in SCLOA, with relevant studies.
Definition
Lab experiment, e.g Asch
Observations, e.g. Festinger
Term
State two studies where ethical violations have been violated
Definition
Milgram, Festinger, Asch, Zimbardo, Bandura and etc.
Term
State the difference between dispositional and situational factors, in attribution.
Definition
Explaining a person’s behaviour in terms of factors which are specific to them in person such as their personality or other generally unchanging characteristics.
Explaining a person’s behaviour in terms of factors which are specific to them in person such as their personality or other generally unchanging characteristics.
Term
What is the FAE (Fundamental Attribution Error)
Definition
The tendency to overestimate one’s dispositional qualities rather than the situation itself.
Term
What is SSB (Self Serving Bias)
Definition
The tendency to take credit for successes
Term
Define SIT
Definition
Social identity is the inbuilt tendency to categorise oneself into one or more ingroups.
Term
State the 3 basic concepts in SIT
Definition
Social categorisation

Social identity stage

Social comparison stage
Term
State 3 studies related to SIT
Definition
Tajfel (1970, 1971) minimal group paradigm, dots and Kandinsky and Klee, Sherrif et al (1961) Robber's Cave
Term
Define Stereotype
Definition
A fixed and generalised idea or conception of a character or an idea that does not allow for any individuality and is often based on religious, social or racial prejudice.
Term
Define Illusionary correlations
Definition
Tendency to see a correlation, even when there is none, usually in minority groups.
Term
Define confirmation bias and a study related to it
Definition
The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories, (Hamilton and Gifford 1976)
Term
What is SLT
Definition
Theory created by Albert Bandura, claiming that humans can learn by observation. (Bandura 1961)
Term
State all the steps in SLT
Definition
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Term
State two studies related to SLT
Definition
Bobo-doll, Bandura (1961) and Gergely et al (2002)
Term
State two compliance techniques
Definition
Door-in-the-face (Cialdini et al. 1975)
That's-not-all (Burger 1986)
Lowballing
Foot-in-the-door
Term
State research into conformity (min 2 studies)
Definition
Asch 1951
Moscovici et al 1969
Zimbardo 1971
Term
Define Conformity
Definition
A type of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or behaviours to adhere to existing social norms.
Term
State the two types of conformity
Definition
Informational conformity
Normative conformity
Term
State the factors that influence conformity (min 2 studies)
Definition
Dissent
Social norm
Social approval
Group size
Term
Define Cultural
Definition
A set of specific rules, implicit or explicit, established by a social group to establish survival.
Term
Define Cultural Norms
Definition
Behaviour patterns that are typical of specific groups, often passed on through generation within a specific culture.
Term
Give examples of cultural dimensions
Definition
Power distance
Individualism/collectivism
Time orientation
Masculinity/Femininity
Term
What is the emic approach?
Definition
The emic approach is the attempt to study a culturally specific phenomena without outside theories to test behaviours. It focuses on one specific culture and emphasises its differences and uniqueness in comparison to different cultures.
Term
What is the etic approach?
Definition
The etic approach, is outlined by comparing two or more cultures in a cross-cultural approach, usually with a theory from one particular culture (usually western) , can be used to find similarities and differences in different cultures however may attract cultural bias as what is right for a culture may be wrong for another.
Term
Studies related to Cultural Dimensions
Definition
Asch, Bond and Smith
Bartlett (1932) Swazi Herdsmen
Term
Zimbardo (1971)
Definition
Aim: Observe how people reacted in difficult situations, still conformed to social norms.
Procedure: 24 males from Stanford University were taken, played the role of either a prisoner or a guard. The independent variable (IV) were the roles of prisoner or guard, and the dependant variable (DV) was the observed behaviour through tapes.
Results: Guards → confident, aggressive, empowered, full of attitude. Prisoners→ passive, anxious, depressive
Term
Tajfel (1970 dots, 1971 Kandinsky and Klee) (Minimal groups paradigm)
Definition
Aim: To demonstrate the minimal group paradigm in creating group bias.
Method: 64 schoolboys from Bristol were allocated into groups, though they were told it was on the basis of estimating the number of dots (over estimaters, under estimaters) or whether they preferred an artist from another (Kandinsky, Klee). They were told to allocate monetary rewards to both groups in matrix, either similar points, biggest difference, or maximising profits.
Results: Ppts mostly chose a point pair where the would have the biggest difference or maximise profits. Ingroup favouritism.
Term
Asch (1951)
Definition
Aim: To investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform.
Procedure: Ppts put into a room with 7 other confederates. Asked to judge which line from a set of 3 is most similar to a different line shown in terms of length. Confederates were told to give incorrect answers that were obviously wrong. There was another condition where ppt could write answer, another where there’s a supporting confederate.
Results: 32% overall conformity rate. 74% conformed at least once, in other conditions the conformity lowered.
Term
Bond and Smith (1996)
Definition
This study was a meta analysis of 133 conformity studies of the Asch paradigm carried out in 17 countries. More conformity was obtained in collectivist countries such as Fiji, Hong Kong and Japan, less conformity was obtained in individualistic countries such as UK, USA and France.
Term
Sherif et al (1961) (Robber’s cave)
Definition
Aim: Look at effects of group formations and how prejudices can be decreased by a common goal.
Procedure: 22 boys aged 11-12 were put into a camp for 3 weeks. 1st week → boys separated into two, made aware of each other. 2nd week → Competitions between the two groups. 3rd week → “emergencies” were made that forced the groups to be together, a common goal.
Results: Throughout the first week, boys formed ingroups SIT, second week they had category accentuation effect, ingroup favouritism and prejudice. The third week saw the boys’ prejudice decrease.
Term
Jones and Harris (1967) (Fundamental attribution error)
Definition
Aim: To observe whether FAE occurs.
Procedure: Ppts told to read essays written by students, about Fidel Castro and the Cuban Missile Crisis. These essays were either for or against Castro and half were told that the essay writer had a choice on the essay (pro or con) and the other half told that the author didn’t have a choice.
Results: Free choice → ppts attributed correctly, No choice → some ppts still attributed some of the essay writers as pro Castro even though they weren’t.
Term
Johnson et al 1964 (Self serving bias)
Definition
Aim: To observe SSB.
Procedure: Ppts, psychology students, taught 2 children to multiply by 10 and 20 by a one way intercom. There were 2 phases, after each phase ppts assess their student’s learning. A = gave right answers on both phases, B = fail then improve or fail again.
Results: When B fails then improve, ppts attributed their competence, SSB. When B fails twice, they attributed their student’s lack of ability.
Term
Hamilton and Gifford (1976) (Illusory correlation)
Definition
Aim; To investigate illusory correlation of group size and negative behaviour.
Procedure: Ppts read desirable and undesirable traits (adjectives) about members of two groups, A and B. A had twice as many members than B (18 positive, 8 negative) B (9 positive, 4 negative). Ppts were then asked to attribute behaviours to the groups.
Results: Despite having the same ratio of positive and negative traits, ppts still attributed B with their undesirable traits as they are smaller, becoming more distinct.
Term
Bandura (1961) (Bobo Doll)
Definition
36 boys and 36 girls from a Stanford nursery were ppts. There were 3 conditions, one with aggressive model, passive model and finally no model as a control. When brought to another room with the bobo doll, aggressive model → immediately started aggressively attacking the doll, passive model and no model → showed interest in the doll however did not attack the doll as much or even not at all.
Term
Gergely et al (2002)
Definition
Infants see a model illuminating a light with a lightswitch with their head. Free hand → Baby ignored the model and used their hand to flip the switch. Full hand → Baby copied the model and used their head to illuminate the light.
Term
Cialdini et al (1975) (Door-in-the-face)
Definition
Aim; To observe DITF
Procedure: 3 groups; control group 1: small favour, asked to escort juvenile delinquents to zoo. Control group 2: big favour, asked to spend 2 hrs per week counselling juvenile delinquents for 2 yrs. Experimental group: asked to be peer counsellors then escort juveniles, big favour to small.
Results: Large request: 0%, small request: 25%, DITF: 50%.
Term
Moscovici et al (1969)
Definition
Aim; To observe whether consistent minority can decrease conformity.
Procedure: Ppts only females. Placed in groups with 4 ppts and 2 confederated, shown 36 slides with different shades of blue. 3 groups, control: confederate didn’t disagree, inconsistent: conf. occasionally said green, consistent: conf. consistently said green.
Results: conformity: control → 1%, inconsistent → 8%, consistent → 32%
Term
Bartlett (1932) (Swazi Herdsmen)
Definition
Bartlett studied the phenomenon of Swazi herdsmen and their cows. Emic observation approach. Herdsmen had the ability to recall specific characteristics of each of their cows. Explanation to this was that in the Swazi culture, they relied heavily on the possession and care of the cows as they are part of their fortune.
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