Term
| Early scientists thought ______ was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more ______ than DNA |
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Definition
| Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material |
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Term
| Chromosomes are made of both ______ and _____ |
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Definition
| Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Proved that DNA was the cell’s genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Showed the amounts of the four bases on DNA ( A,T,C,G) |
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Term
_______ must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with _______ |
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Definition
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine |
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Term
| AT CG form what kind of bonds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals |
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Term
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Definition
| Built the first model of DNA using Franklin’s x-rays |
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Term
| Two strands of DNA coiled called a |
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Definition
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Term
Sides of DNA made of
Also known as |
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Definition
Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4)
Legs of Ladder |
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Term
Center of DNA made up
Also know as |
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Definition
Nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
Rungs of Ladder |
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Term
| Most DNA has a ____-hand twist with ____ base pairs in a complete turn |
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Definition
Right hand twist
10 base pairs in completer turn |
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Term
| Hot spots occur where right and left twisted DNA meet producing ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Left twisted DNA is called Z-DNA or _____ DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Nucleotides (Make up DNA) made up of
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1.Phosphate group
2.5-carbon sugar
3.Nitrogenous base |
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Term
| How are Carbons numbered? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA are known as Antiparallel Strands because if one strand goes from 5' to 3' the other is ______ in direction and goes from ____ to _____ |
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Definition
| Opposite in direction gores from 3' to 5' |
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Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Purines?
Which are the Purine bases? |
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Definition
Double Ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
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Term
How do you tell if the Bases are Pyrimidines?
Which are the Pyrimidines bases? |
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Definition
Single Ring
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) |
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Term
| Purines only pair with ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ (#) hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine & Thymine |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is copied during the ____ or _______ phase of _________ |
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Definition
| DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase |
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Term
| Where does Synthesis take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication begins at _____ ___ _______ |
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Definition
| Begins at Origins of Replication |
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Term
Two strands open forming Replication _____
What happens here? |
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Definition
Two strands open forming Replication Forks
New strands grow at the forks |
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Term
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, _______ Bubbles form.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have _______ bubble(s)
Eukaryotic chromosomes have ______ bubble(s) |
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Definition
Replication Bubbles
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble
Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles |
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Term
| Enzyme ____ ________ unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands _______ and ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Topoisomerase
Not really important |
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Definition
| Relieves stress on DNA as it separates |
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Term
| Before new DNA strands can form, there must be____ _______ present to start the addition of new nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA polymerase can then add the new ________ |
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Definition
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Term
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the _____ end of the DNA
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a ___ to ____ direction |
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Definition
3'
This causes the NEW strand to be built in a 5’ to 3’ direction |
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Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ _____ is synthesized discontinuously against overall direction of replication |
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Definition
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Term
| This strand is made in MANY short segments It is replicated from the replication fork toward the origin |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ ________ - series of short segments on the lagging strand |
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Definition
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Term
| Okazaki Fragments must be joined together by __ _______ called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
DNA polymerase initially makes about 1 in _______ base pairing errors
______ proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in ___ ______ base pairing errors |
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Definition
10,000
Enzymes proofread and correct these mistakes
The new error rate for DNA that has been proofread is 1 in 1 billion base pairing errors |
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Term
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Definition
| New DNA consists of 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW strand of DNA |
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