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| Greek philosopher who had an influential description of ideals (or forms), which where the perfect and unchanging versions of what we see in reality. |
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| Plato's student who sought out in nature's organisms and felt that they were best represented by a ladder-like organization, also called Scala Naturae. |
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| Natural Law & Materialism - Nature can be described by visible processes alone and invoking supernatural explanation is unnecessary |
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| Seeking for religions reasons, to classify all organisms according to this plan, he wrote a series of encyclopedias of living things and invented the field of systematics in the process. |
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| Explained geologic change via catastrophism, the dramatic and sudden changes (saltational) are due to supernaturally caused floods and disasters |
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| Explained geologic change via uniformatarianism, the changes are not so sharp and are due to slow processes we currently see |
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| Had a theory of evolution in which organisms were constantly created and changed or evolved in response to the environment in a directional, consistent and repeatable manner up a morphological ladder. |
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| shifted the focus in biology from the ideal/mold to variation - reconceptualizing variation as important potential for change instead of mere noise. Along with Wallace, Came up with a more accurate theory of evolution in which natural selection acted to drive evolution in organisms and there was no consistent direction, just branching processes. |
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| (1900) Demonstrated particulate inheritance, genetics seemed to work via big effects instead of the small ones used to argue for evolution by natural selection. |
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| studied developmental biology "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" |
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| disputed the relevance of particulate inheritance and studied the mathematical properties of the inheritance of continuous characters. |
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| believed that the power of discrete mutations alone could drive evolution |
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| showed mendelisms was consistent with biometrics - many genes were of small effect |
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| Relatives are partially you |
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| Fisher, Wright, and Haldane: |
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| used mathematics to demonstrate that these two ideas (Biometricians and Mutationists?) were consistent and led to widespread acceptance of natural selection. These three were responsible for the Modern synthesis/neo-darwinism, |
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| Studied the population genetics of Drosophila in the wild |
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| Wrote The Modern Synthesis, unifying math and evolution |
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| brought population genetic ideas into species definitions and allopatric speciation theory. |
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| Paleontology + population genetics |
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| Revisited Haeckel's ideas about how development and evolution were connected in his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Worked with Niles Elderidge to propose the theory of punctuated evolution, that evolution works via periods of long stasis punctuated by periods of quick change. Popularized science in writing for public audiences |
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| Argued for reductionism in biology, focusing on the gene as the unit of selection instead of the whole organism |
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| Used sophisticated models of mathematics in population genetics (Prob. Of fixing allele, Time to fix an allele: Neutral theory of molecular evolution) Most mutations selectively neutral |
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| Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution. Most mutations are slightly deleterious |
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| Argued for cladistics as a method to compute phylogenies systematically (objectifies phylogenetics) |
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| Pauling, Linus & Zuckerkandl, Emile |
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| molecular clock based on protein sequence allows numerical values for rates of change (calibrated with fossils). Beginning of molecular evolution |
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