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Science: Chemistry and Mineral Test
Science: Chemistry and Mineral Vocabulary and Concepts
39
Science
8th Grade
10/31/2010

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Term
Element
Definition
a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means
Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element
Term
Protons
Definition
a particle with a positive charge
Term
Neutron
Definition
a particle with a neutral charge
Term
Electron
Definition
a particle with a negative charge
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
the number of protons in the neucleus
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons 
Term
Mass number
Definition

the number of protons and neutrons

(how you find out if isotope)

Term
Chemical Compound
Definition
a substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined with specific proportions
Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition
a bond that forms between negative and positive ions
Term
Covalent Compounds
Definition
a bond that forms when atoms share electrons
Term
Metallic Bonds
Definition
a bond that forms when electrons are shared by metal ions
Term
Minerals
Definition

1. Naturally occuring

2. solid

3. orderly crystalline structure

4. definite chemical compounds

5. generally considered inorganic

Term
Naturally occuring
Definition
a mineral forms by natural geologic processes
Term
Inorganic
Definition
Most minerals are inorganic crystalline solids found in nature 
Term
Precipitate
Definition

there are dissolved minerals in water bodies

changes in temperature of the water or evaporation of the water causes the minerals to be left behind

ex: halite and calcite

THE SUBSTANCE LEFT BEHIND

Term
Crystallization from magma
Definition
Term
crystallization from magma
Definition

magma is molten rock that forms within the earth

when magma is cooling elements combine to form minerals

first to form are rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium

next to form are rich in sodium, potassium, and aluminum

Term
pressure and temperature
Definition
Term
pressure and temperature
Definition

minerals subject to change make them recrystallize

form more compact minerals because atom structure changes

temperature can cause unstable causes new minerals to form

Term
hydrothermal solution
Definition

a very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances when they come in contact with other minerals a chemical reaction occur 

when cooling elements within the mixture combine and form other minerals

Term
silicates
Definition

the most common group of minerals

consist of a silicon oxygen tetrahedron (basic structure classify them as silicates) 

except for SiO2

most contain other elements

form from crystallization of magma

Term
Kinds of Silicate structure
Definition

single chain

double chains

micas- sheets

three-dimensional (quartz and feldspar)

structure affects its properties

Term
Silicon-oxygen Tetrahedron
Definition
consists of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms provides the framework of every silicate mineral (mostly)
Term
Carbonates 
Definition

second most abundant group

minerals that contain the elements carbon oxygen and one or more other metallic element

Calcite( most common example)

fizz when they come in contact with an acid

Term
Oxides
Definition

oxides are minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals

form when magma cools

ex: Rutile 

some form when changes in pressure + temp

others when minerals are exposed to liquid in air 

Term
Sulfates + Sulfides
Definition

minerals that contain sulfur

form from precipitation of a mineral

ex: gypsum

others from hydrothermal solutions

 ex: galena (PbS)

Term
Halides
Definition

minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements

halogens are from group 7A 

ex: NaCl (Halite) salt

forms from precipitation of a mineral

Term
native elements
Definition

minerals that only contain one element or type of atom

gold (Au)

hydrothermal solutions

Term
color
Definition

first thing you can notice to help identify a mineral

small amounts of minerals can help you have different colors in same mineral

Term
streak
Definition

is the color of a mineral in its powdered form

obtained by rubbing a mineral across a streak plate (unglazed porcelain)

streak doesn't vary from sample to sample

minerals with non metallic luster do not have streak

Term
luster
Definition

luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral

nonmetallic luster are described by many adjectives

 

Term
crystal form
Definition

is the visible expression of a mineral's internal arrangement of atoms

six distinct crystal systems

have a specific shape from form

 

Term
Why crystals are larger?
Definition
when it has more space and time to form
Term
hardness
Definition

is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched

find this property by rubbing the mineral against another mineral of known hardness

Term
Mohs Hardness Scale
Definition

consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1  (softest) can rub against these minerals to determine its hardness 

 

Term
cleavage
Definition

the tendency of a mineral to cleave or break along flat even surfaces

the weak bonds are places where a mineral will break when it is stressed

 

Term
fracture
Definition

minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture

uneven breakage of a mineral

smooth cruved breaks conchoidal fracture

break into splinters irregular fracture

Term
density
Definition

property of all matter that is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume

d= m over v

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