Term
| Mechanics explains _____________. |
|
Definition
| how ordinary objects move |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ is the process by which science moves forward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the steps of the Scientific Method. |
|
Definition
1. State the Problem
2. Observe and Collect Data
3. Form a Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Record/Analyze Data
6. Conclusion |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is a standard method of measurement used nearly wordwide. |
|
Definition
International System of Units (SI)
(In French, Systeme International) |
|
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Term
What is the basic SI unit of:
Length?
Mass?
Time? |
|
Definition
Length: meter
Mass: kilogram
Time: second |
|
|
Term
The USA uses the _____ system of measurement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
English System measurement for:
Length?
Mass?
Time? |
|
Definition
Length: foot
Mass: slug
Time: second |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scalars are quantities that only have magnitude associated with them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vectors are quantities that need both magnitude and direction |
|
|
Term
| Kinematics is the description of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance from the origin |
|
|
Term
Displacement is a (s/v) quality that defines ________________.
|
|
Definition
| vector ; the amount your position has changed over a time period |
|
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Term
| Variable for displacement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the absolute value of displacement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Speed is the absolute value of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formula for acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first kinematics equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second kinematics equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the third kinematics equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth kinematics equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ (1564-1642) theorized that in the absence of air resistance, all objects fall at the same rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth?
What is its variable? |
|
Definition
9.8 m/s2 (32 f/s2)
variable g |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the variable that links both the x and y directions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A projectile is any object that has motion in both the vertical and horizontal directions and falls solely under the influence of gravity while in the air. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of projectiles |
|
Definition
| a cannonball shot from a cannon, a ball thrown horizontally from the top of a tall building |
|
|
Term
| The causes of motion are called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) wrote this book |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newton's first law states that: |
|
Definition
| objects at rest stay at rest unless impressed upon by a force |
|
|
Term
| Equation for the magnitude of the force of gravity on an object of mass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SI unit of force is the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 newton = 1 (kg) x (m/s2) |
|
|
Term
| Normal force is __________ |
|
Definition
| the contact force that arises when two objects are impressed against each other |
|
|
Term
| Newton's second law states that: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newton's third law states that: |
|
Definition
| for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of energy? |
|
Definition
joule
(1 joule = 1 (kg) x (m2/s2)
(1 joule = 1 N-m) |
|
|
Term
| Formula for kinetic energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for potential energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you apply a force to an object, and it moves, then you have done _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Work-Energy Theorem states that: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define conservative force and give examples. |
|
Definition
A force that will only move energy between systems in an object
ex. gravity, spring forces, electric forces |
|
|
Term
| Define Non-Conservative Force and give examples. |
|
Definition
A force that changes the total energy of an object
ex. kinetic friction, air resistance |
|
|
Term
| Impulse (j) is the ________. |
|
Definition
| amount of force imparted by an object over a time period while it's trying to change the momentum of another object |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for impulse (j)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Momentum (p) is calculated by this equation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Momentum takes into account the object's ____ and ___________. |
|
Definition
| mass ; change in velocity |
|
|
Term
| The Impulse-Momentum Theory states that: |
|
Definition
J = Δ(mv)
(amount of impulse = change in momentum) |
|
|
Term
| An elastic collision is a collision in which ____________. |
|
Definition
| momentum and energy are both conserved |
|
|
Term
| In an inelastic collision, ________________________. |
|
Definition
| momentum is conserved but energy is not conserved. |
|
|
Term
| Define Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). |
|
Definition
| periodic motion that arises from a restoring force that attempts to restore an object back to equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Simple Harmonic Motion will result in a ________ curve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amplitude (A) is ___________. |
|
Definition
| the distance from peak to equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| The period of oscillation (T) is defined as _____________. |
|
Definition
| how long it takes the object to repeat its motion (peak-peak or trough-trough) |
|
|
Term
| Frequency (f) refers to how often __________. |
|
Definition
| the object passes by a certain point, moving in the same direction |
|
|
Term
| Frequency (f) is the inverse of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The unit of frequency is the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hooke's Law, which deals with the restoring force, states: |
|
Definition
| FHooke's = -(constant)x(displacement) |
|
|
Term
| The negative sign in Hooke's Law points out that _____. |
|
Definition
| the restoring force is in the opposite direction of the spring displacement |
|
|
Term
| For a mass on a spring, Hooke's Law becomes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In Hooke's Law, what is k?
What is x? |
|
Definition
k = spring constant (strength of spring)
x = displacement from equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| The potential energy of a mass on a spring is given by the equation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you double the displacement of a mass on a spring, then you ______ the energy stored in the spring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The period of a mass on a spring, in equation form, is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The period of a mass on a spring depends on: |
|
Definition
the value of the mass (m)
the spring strength (k ) |
|
|
Term
| The period of a pendulum depends on: |
|
Definition
the length of the string (L )
the acceleration due to gravity (g ) |
|
|
Term
| The period of a pendulum, in equation form, is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___________ in circular motion takes into account not only how much mass is present, but how it is distributed as well.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Torque (τ ) is calculated by the formula: |
|
Definition
τ = (r) x (F)
(r = distance from rotation to where force is applied) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how fast an object is rotating/moving around a center |
|
|
Term
| Angular momentum (L ) is a measure of: |
|
Definition
| how hard it will be to stop something from spinning |
|
|
Term
| Angular momentum (L ) is found with the equation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The acceleration that an object has because of circular motion is called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of centripetal acceleration can be found by the equation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an object to be in equilibrium, the net ____ and _____ must both be zero. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distance required for a wave to repeat its motion is known as the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wave velocity can be calculated by multiplying the ______ and ______ of the wave. |
|
Definition
wavelength ; frequency
(v = λf) |
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of wave frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the wave source determine about a wave? |
|
Definition
frequency and amplitude
(amplitude depends on the medium as well) |
|
|
Term
| Wave velocity (v) depends solely on the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does wavelength (λ) depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does frequency (f ) depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a traverse wave, the displacement of the wave medium is ________ to the direction of the travel of the wave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the frequency range of light that is visible to humans? |
|
Definition
| 4 x 1014 Hz - 7 x 1014 Hz |
|
|
Term
| What kind of light (in nanometers and color) can humans see? Which is easiest? |
|
Definition
700 nanometers (red) - 400 nanometers (violet)
560 nanometers (yellow-green) |
|
|
Term
| What is the wave speed of light in a vacuum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does index of refraction (n) relate to? |
|
Definition
| How much slower something travels in a given medium compared to how it moves in a vacuum |
|
|
Term
| Formula for index of refraction |
|
Definition
n = speed on light in a vacuum = c
speed of light in a medium v |
|
|
Term
What is the index of refraction for:
water?
diamond?
prism? |
|
Definition
water: 1.33
diamond: 2.4
prism: 1.5 |
|
|
Term
| A _________ wave is one where the displacement takes place in the same direction that the wave is travelling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the speed of sound in:
air?
water? |
|
Definition
air: 340 m/s
water: 1,100 m/s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the addition of the amplitudes of two waves, also known as wave interference |
|
|
Term
| If the path length difference between 2 speakers is a whole integer multiple of the wavelength, then you will hear _________. |
|
Definition
| constructive interference |
|
|
Term
| The double slit experiment (Young's experiment) shows _____________ difference. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wave interference due to path length difference causes you to hear ______. |
|
Definition
| beats (fast changes from loud to soft) |
|
|
Term
| The law of reflection states that |
|
Definition
| the angle of the incident light ray equals the angle of the reflected ray (θi = θr) |
|
|
Term
| When an incident ray is reflected back from a medium with a higher index of refraction (ie air reflecting from water) it will _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Snell's Law deal with? |
|
Definition
| the angle at which a light ray will enter a medium in relation to the normal |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for Snell's Law? |
|
Definition
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
(n = indices of refraction) (θ = angle in initial medium)
|
|
|
Term
| Total Internal Reflection (TIR) can only occur if you move from _____________. |
|
Definition
| a slow medium to a fast medium |
|
|
Term
| The SI unit for electric charge (q) is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who performed the oil drop experiment? |
|
Definition
| Robert Millikan (1868-1953) |
|
|
Term
| What did Millikan's oil drop experiment demonstrate? |
|
Definition
| that all charges are a multiple of a fundamental unit of charge |
|
|
Term
| What is the charge held by a single electron (e)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phenomenon of charge conservation says |
|
Definition
| the net charge of the universe never changes |
|
|
Term
| French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) was the first person to quantify: |
|
Definition
| the force between two or more electric charges |
|
|
Term
| Coulomb's Law states that: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the electrical constant (ke)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What way does the electric field (E) of positive charged particle face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Induction of charge is when atoms are: |
|
Definition
| rearranged inside an item |
|
|
Term
| When two charged particles are next to each other, not moving, they have ______ |
|
Definition
| electric potential energy (PEelec) |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for electric potential energy (PEelec)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for electric potential (V )? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the SI unit for electric potential? |
|
Definition
volt (V )
(1 joule per coulomb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an object's ability to hold a stationary charge |
|
|
Term
| Capacitance is given by the formula: |
|
Definition
C = Q
ΔV
(Q = magnitude of charge on each plate) |
|
|
Term
| Capacitance is measured in: |
|
Definition
farads (F)
(1 farad = 1 coloumb/volt) |
|
|
Term
| A capacitor is a device designed to: |
|
Definition
| store energy in the form of an electric field |
|
|
Term
| The only thing that limits the amount of charge you can place on a parallel plate capacitor is: |
|
Definition
| the geometry of the capacitor |
|
|
Term
| For a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance can be calculated by the formula: |
|
Definition
C = εo A
d
(A = area of plate) (εo = permittivity of free space) |
|
|
Term
| The value of the permittivity of free space (εo) is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The energy stored in a capacitor will be given by the equation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of electric charge that passes by a specific point in a certain time period is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The equation for electric current is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SI unit for electric current is the: |
|
Definition
ampere (A )
(1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second) |
|
|
Term
| The SI unit for resistance (R ) is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for electric power? |
|
Definition
P = I(ΔV)
(I = electric current) |
|
|
Term
| The power used by a device is measured in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In "conventional" current, the current moves: |
|
Definition
| opposite the motion of the negative charges |
|
|
Term
| Voltage difference from a battery is called an: |
|
Definition
| emf (ElectroMotive Force) |
|
|
Term
| Equivalent resistance is the technique of: |
|
Definition
| breaking complicated circuits down to the simplest circuit |
|
|
Term
| The equivalent resistance for two resistors in a series is: |
|
Definition
| the sum of the individual resistance values |
|
|
Term
| Two resistors in parallel have the equivalent resistance of: |
|
Definition
the sum of the inverses of their individual resistance values (1 = 1 + 1)
Req R1 R2 |
|
|
Term
| What is Kirchoff's first rule of circuits? |
|
Definition
| the junction rule (current entering = current exiting) |
|
|
Term
| What is Kirchhoff's second rule of circuits an what does it state? |
|
Definition
| the loop rule: the sum of the voltage differences across all the elements around any closed circuit must be zero |
|
|
Term
| Who discovered that a magnetic current could deflect a magnetic compass needle? (discovery that electric currents create electric fields) |
|
Definition
| Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) |
|
|
Term
| In RHR1, which direction does your thumb point? |
|
Definition
| the direction of the current flow |
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of the magnetic field is given by the equation: |
|
Definition
B = μoI
2πr
(r = distance from wire) (μo = permeability of free space) |
|
|
Term
| What is the permeability of free space (μo)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SI unit of the magnetic field is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magnetic field lines emanate from the ____ pole and enter the _____ pole of a magnet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compasses technically point to the ______ pole of the Earth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In RHR2, your thumb goes in the direction of the: |
|
Definition
| velocity of the positive moving charge |
|
|
Term
| In RHR2, your pointer finger points towards the: |
|
Definition
| external magnetic field (B) |
|
|
Term
| In RHR2, your resulting middle finger points in the direction of the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which type of materials does the configuration of the atoms cause the magnetic fields to combine in a macroscopic way? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did English physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) find out? |
|
Definition
| changing electrical current in a wire led to a changing magnetic field, and possibly an induced current in a separate conductor |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic flux (ΦB) measures: |
|
Definition
| the amount of magnetic field lines that pass through a given area |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for magnetic flux? |
|
Definition
ΦB = BAcosθ
(B = magnetic field) (θ = angle between area and field lines) |
|
|
Term
| The SI unit for magnetic flux is the: |
|
Definition
weber
(1 weber = 1 Tesla x meter2) |
|
|
Term
| The magnetic flux will be at a maximum when the magnetic field lines and the normal of the area are either: |
|
Definition
| parallel or anti-parallel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ε = - ΔΦB
Δt
(induced emf = time rate of change of the magnetic flux) |
|
|
Term
| Lenz' law explains the _________ in Faraday's Law |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an induced emf always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in the magnetic flux |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote the book A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field? |
|
Definition
| Scottish physicist James Maxwell (1831-79) |
|
|
Term
| Maxwell showed that light is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maxwell was able to predict the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
