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Definition
| A layer of gases surrounding a planet that is held in place by gravity. |
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Definition
the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust
Some are semi-precious gemstones, used in jewelry making. |
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| Widely used substance known as talcum powder. Occurs in fibrous masses, and in rarely crystal form.It is the softest known mineral and listed as 1 on the Mohs hardness scale as such. |
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Definition
carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate.
It has a defining Mohs hardness of 3. |
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Term
| Rock Types and Layers: Quartzite |
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Definition
| A hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone |
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Term
| Rock Types and Layers: Marble |
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Definition
| Non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Commonly used for sculpture and as a building material |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Gneiss |
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Definition
| Common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks. It is often foliated (composed of layers of sheet-like planar structures). The foliations are characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands, called "gneissic banding". |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Slate |
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Definition
| fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. Used in roofing tiles and chalkboards. |
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Term
| Rock Types and Layers: Schist |
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Definition
| medium-grade metamorphic rock[1] with medium to large, flat, sheet-like grains in a preferred orientation (nearby grains are roughly parallel |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Phyllite |
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Definition
| a type of foliated metamorphic rock created from slate that is further metamorphosed so that very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Sedimentary |
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Definition
| types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Serpentine |
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Definition
| a dark green mineral consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate, sometimes mottled or spotted like a snake's skin |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Shale |
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Definition
| a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. |
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Term
| Rock Types and Layers: Limestone |
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Definition
| A sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Most is composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. |
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| Rock Types and Layers: Granite |
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Definition
| A common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock which is granular and phaneritic in texture |
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Definition
| The lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 80% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapour and aerosols |
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Definition
| A division of the year, marked by changes in weather, ecology, and hours of daylight. They result from the yearly orbit of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis relative to the plane of the orbit |
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Definition
| The temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates. |
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Term
| Weather: Barometric Pressure |
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Definition
| The force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). |
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Term
| Weather: Relative Humidity |
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Definition
| The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. Humans are sensitive to humidity because the human body uses evaporative cooling, enabled by perspiration, as the primary mechanism to rid itself of waste heat. Perspiration evaporates from the skin more slowly under humid conditions than under arid conditions. |
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Definition
| The change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. |
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Definition
| Known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Caused by: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts, etc. |
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| Weather: Weather Prediction |
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Definition
| The application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location |
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Definition
| mountains that form mainly by the effects of folding on layers within the upper part of the Earth's crust |
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Definition
| (to break up, like a bone fracture) When the sunlight breaks into prisms of color after rain- forming a rainbow |
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Definition
| (Northern Lights) occur when highly charged electrons from the solar wind interact with elements in the earth's atmosphere |
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Definition
| are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth |
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Definition
| traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, also describes seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea |
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Definition
| a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions |
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Definition
| A naturally occurring substance that is solid and inorganic representable by a chemical formula, and has an ordered atomic structure. It is different from a rock. |
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Term
| Terms: Atmospheric Oxygen |
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Definition
| Geologists trace the rise of atmospheric oxygen by looking for oxidation products in ancient rock formations |
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Definition
| is an active volcano in Francisco León, north-western Chiapas, Mexico, lest eruption in 1982 |
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Definition
| an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador. It is the most active volcano in Ecuador, having erupted three times in recorded history |
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Definition
| a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this process, matter is not conserved because some of the matter of the fusing nuclei is converted to photons (energy) |
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Definition
| an optical and meteorological phenomenon that is caused by both reflection and refraction of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun |
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Definition
| The region of the upper atmosphere, from about 53 mi to 370 mi altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation |
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Definition
| a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a colorless and odorless diatomic gas. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in our galaxy and the Solar System |
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Definition
| is a bend in a sinuous watercourse or river. It forms when moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt |
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Definition
| A scientific theory that a supercontinent existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It formed approximately 300 million years ago and then began to break apart after about 100 million years |
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| Terms: Teutonic Plate Boundaries |
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Definition
| A massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest. Plate thickness also varies greatly, ranging from less than 15 km for young oceanic lithosphere to about 200 km or more for ancient continental lithosphere |
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Definition
| a barrier that impounds water or underground streams |
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Definition
| is an astronomical event that occurs twice each year as the Sun reaches its highest or lowest excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons |
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Term
| Terms: Conic Map Projection |
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Definition
| a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane |
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Definition
| the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains |
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Definition
| is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary |
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Definition
a unit of mass, and as a unit of volume. It can also be used as a measure of energy, for truck classification
In the United States and formerly Canada a ton is defined to be 2,000 pounds |
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| Measurement: Metric Measurements |
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Definition
The metric system is a system of measuring. It has three main units:
m the meter for length
kg the kilogram for mass
s the second for time |
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Definition
An Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.
-laws of levers and pulleys
-the center of gravity.
-calculated pi
-proved the formulas for the volume and surface area of a sphere
-showed how exponents could be used to write bigger numbers |
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Definition
| an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution,formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation |
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Term
| People: Agustin-Jean Fresnel |
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Definition
| was a French engineer and physicist who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics |
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Definition
| a French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water |
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Term
| Scientific Fields: Entomology |
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Definition
| the scientific study of insects, a branch of arthropodology |
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Term
| Scientific Fields: Geology |
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Definition
| the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change |
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Term
| Scientific Fields: Meteorology |
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Definition
| scientific study of the atmosphere |
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Term
| Scientific Fields: Agronomy |
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Definition
| the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fibre, and land reclamation |
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Term
| Scientific Fields: Audiology |
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Definition
| a branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Conduction |
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Definition
| The transfer of energy, such as heat or an electric charge, through a substance |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Duodecimal System |
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Definition
| known as base-12 or dozenal, is a positional notation numeral system using twelve as its base |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Fathom |
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Definition
| unit of length equal to six feet |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Acid, Base, Neutral |
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Definition
| The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Convex Lenses |
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Definition
| curved or bowed outward like the outside of a bowl or sphere or circle |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Fiber Optics |
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Definition
| A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Endothermic |
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Definition
| a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Acceleration |
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Definition
| is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time. An object's acceleration is the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, as described by Newton's Second Law. For example, when a car starts from a standstill (zero relative velocity) and travels in a straight line at increasing speeds, it is accelerating in the direction of travel. If the car turns there is an acceleration toward the new direction. |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Gears |
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Definition
| a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque, in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and often also with that shape on the other gear |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Compound Machines |
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Definition
| combinations of two or more elements |
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Term
| Scientific Method Terms: Food Allergies |
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Definition
| an exaggerated immune response triggered by eggs, peanuts, milk, or some other specific food |
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Term
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Definition
| breathe through their gills. As filter feeders, bivalves gather food through their gills |
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Term
| Animals: Open Circulatory System |
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Definition
| a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid |
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Term
| Animals: Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
| meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enter interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction |
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Definition
| are an evolutionary grade of animals, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards, and tuatara, as well as many extinct groups. |
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Definition
| the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood |
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Definition
| Openings through the nuclear envelope, allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm |
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Definition
| tiny particle that is present in large numbers in all living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis |
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Definition
derived from the Greek words lysis, meaning "to loosen", and soma, "body"
is a membrane-bound cell organelle found in animal cells (they are absent in red blood cells |
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Definition
| the part of an animal's body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of its body |
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Term
| Humans: Organ Transplants |
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Definition
| moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ |
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Term
| Humans: Organic Compounds |
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Definition
| is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| is a small organ where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine |
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Definition
anvil - (also called the incus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup.
stirrup - (also called the stapes) a tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body
hammer - (also called the malleus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. |
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Definition
| An iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases the rate of cell metabolism and regulates growth. can also be made synthetically for treatment of hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as somatotropin or somatropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part inside your mouth where the passages of the nose connect to your mouth and throat |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of your throat that contains the vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| a long tube in your neck and chest that carries air into and out of your lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| a small air-containing compartment of the lungs in which the bronchioles terminate and from which respiratory gases are exchanged with the pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that is released in the body of a person who is feeling a strong emotion (such as excitement, fear, or anger) and that causes the heart to beat faster |
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Definition
| hormone that is made by the parathyroid glands and is critical to maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance |
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Term
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Definition
Renal capsule - a thin, outer membrane that helps protect the kidney
•Cortex - lightly colored outer region
•Medulla - a darker, reddish-brown, inner region
•Renal pelvis - a flat funnel-shaped cavity that collects the urine into the ureters |
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Term
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Definition
| is part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin lympha meaning water)) directionally towards the heart |
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Term
| Humans: Air Passing to Lungs |
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Definition
| Air that we breathe enters the nose, flows through the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box) and enters the trachea (windpipe). The trachea eventually divides into two parts called bronchi. The right main bronchus supplies the right lung; the left main bronchus supplies the left lung. These bronchi then go on to divide into smaller bronchi and eventually, the bronchi become known as bronchioles – the smallest air tubes in the lungs. |
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Definition
facilitates the sensation of taste
Type 1, sweet
Type 2, bitter |
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Term
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Definition
| of a tree or shrub shedding its leaves annually |
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Term
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Definition
| the tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. |
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Term
| Plants: Major Vegetative Parts |
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Definition
| include leaves, roots, leaf buds, and stems |
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Term
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Definition
| a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities |
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Term
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Definition
| MONOCOTS Embryo with single cotyledon, Pollen with single furrow or pore DICOTS Embryo with two cotyledons, Pollen with three furrows or pores |
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Term
| People: Schleiden and Schwann |
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Definition
| Co-founded cell theory, which explains the properties of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| any of more than 15,000 species of clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and other members of the phylum Mollusca characterized by a shell that is divided from front to back into left and right valves |
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Term
| Terms: Endangered Species |
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Definition
| one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as likely to become extinct, 3079 animals and 2655 plants are endangered worldwide |
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Definition
| the addition of DNA into a genetic sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a flexible, mobile, elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment. It is a key mechanism of evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal living in the wild but descended from domesticated individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| predominantly blood suckers that feed on blood from vertebrate and invertebrate animals, most live in freshwater |
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Term
| Terms: Dehydration Synthesis |
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Definition
| To bond two molecules together while removing water. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances, iron rusting (iron oxide forms) |
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Definition
| rearranges molecules but doesn't affect their internal structures, •whipping egg whites (air is forced into the fluid, but no new substance is produced) |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite |
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Term
| Periodic Table: Left Side |
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Definition
| Metals- generally solid at room temp., good conductors, shiny, malleable, ductile |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft and malleable heavy and post-transition metal |
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Term
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Definition
| gas giant planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune |
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Term
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Definition
| sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. gas giant |
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Term
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Definition
| seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Similar in composition to Neptune. gas giant |
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Term
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Definition
| the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the gaseous planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense, gas giant |
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Term
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Definition
| fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant |
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Term
| Solar System: Red Star Shift |
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Definition
| A star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it should |
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Term
| Solar System: Blue Star Shift |
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Definition
| An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does. |
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Term
| Solar System: Maxwell Gap |
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Definition
| A region within Saturn's rings. Named after the founder. |
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Term
| Solar System: Atmospheres: Venus |
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Definition
| the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Solar System: Atmospheres: Earth |
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Definition
| It is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with trace amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules |
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Term
| Solar System: Atmospheres: Mars |
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Definition
| consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water |
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Term
| Solar System: Atmospheres: Jupiter |
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Definition
| has the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, spanning over (3,107 mi) in altitude. As Jupiter has no surface, the base of its atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which atmospheric pressure is equal to 1 MPa (10 bar), or ten times surface pressure on Earth |
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Term
| Solar System: Atmospheres: Saturn |
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Definition
| The outer atmosphere of contains 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium. Trace amounts of ammonia, acetylene, ethane, propane, phosphine and methane have been detected. |
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Term
| Solar System: Olympus Mons |
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Definition
| a large shield volcano on the planet Mars. By one measure, it has a height of nearly 22 km. Olympus Mons stands almost three times as tall as Mount Everest's height above sea level |
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Term
| Solar System: White Dwarf |
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Definition
| a stellar remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. They are very dense; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun, and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth |
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Term
| Solar System: Meteoroid/Meteorite/Meteor |
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Definition
A meteor is the flash of light that we see in the night sky when a small chunk of interplanetary debris burns up as it passes through our atmosphere.
The debris is called a meteoroid. If any part of a meteoroid survives the fall through the atmosphere and lands on Earth, it is called a meteorite |
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Term
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Definition
| a pure substance consisting of one type of atom, they are divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. (Periodic Table) |
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Term
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Definition
| a material system made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. They are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids. |
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Term
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Definition
| make a group of chemical elements with similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another |
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Term
| Terms: Convection Currents |
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Definition
Occur within:
• the geosphere – plate tectonics
•the atmosphere - wind
•the hydrosphere - ocean currents |
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Term
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Definition
unit of distance. It is the distance that light can travel in one year.
1 light year = 9.4605284 × 1015 meters |
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Term
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Definition
| a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit |
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Term
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Definition
a crystalline form of aluminium oxide
with traces of iron, titanium and chromium. It is a rock-forming mineral |
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Term
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Definition
| type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi). Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays |
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Term
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Definition
| the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reaches its minimum value, taken as 0. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures how acidic or basic a substance is. It ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. 2 atoms of hydrogen + 1 atom of oxygen becomes 1 molecule of compound-water |
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