Kinetic molecular theroy

Everything is made of atoms and molecules, and they are constantly in motion.

ex) The Stone.

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Energy

Energy is the power of doing something, and it can be converted from one to another.

Common three types of energy are thermal energy, potential energy(the possibility of having energy), and kinetic energy(movement).

Mass

The quanity of an object or we usually say how much something "weight", but actually what we "weight" is "mass". Mass keeps constant but weight not necessary.

ex) My mass is 135 lb

Volume

The amount of space of an object contains or fills.

ex) a water bottle with a volume of 500cm³

Density

how thick a thing is, related to the thing's mass and volume.

                        M÷V=D

When the volume keeps constant, as the mass increase, the density increase.

ex)Oil's density is smaller than water.

Temperature

It is the measure of the average energy of the molecules of a thing(Kinetic energy), or we can say it is the degree of hotness(speed).

Measuring Temperature 

Temperature can be measure in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin. 

ex) Celsiu scale defines that boiling point of water at 100^οC.

Thermal Engery

It is the overall energy in a substance, or we can say it is the Quantity of hotness(mass & speed).

♣ The more kinetic energy a thing has, the more thermal energy it has.

ex) a cup of boiling milk has the same temperature as a pot of boiling milk, but the large pot of milk has more thermal energy.

Heat

It is the energy transferred from one thing to another due to their difference in temperature, and heat flows from hotter body to a colder body when they are together.

ex) my hand touches a hot spoon and I feel warm.

Conduction

A type of heat transfer from one thing to another through actual touching. Cause everything is in motion(KMT) :one thing has fast-moving moleculars beacse of the increasing heat, and they collide with another moleculars and transfer heat.

ex) the cold spoon makes your hand feel cold. 

Convention

Type of heat transferred by the movement of fluid from one place to another. 

KMT: As kinetic energy increase, things move faster and farther apart. The hot air or gas has lower density and raises while the cold one with higher density sinks

ex) the uniform heating of the air in a room or water in a kettle.

Conductors&Insulators

Conductors allow electricity or heat to travel through it, but insulators block the flow of heat. To make sure a heat transfer current, we have to use a conductor because it doesn't absorb radiant heat.

ex)Conductors: metal and glass

     Insulators: wood

Fluids

Any liquids and gases, and they can flow freely, having lower density but higher kinetic energy.

Radiation

Energy being transferred by waves(light, electromagnetic radiation) without any direct contact.

ex) The sun emits UV rays

Heat Transfer

The prosses of passing heat on one colder thing from a hotter thing.

ex) Convection, radiation, conduction

Atmosphere

The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth.

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Troposphere

♣ Lower layer of atmoshere.

As the altitude increase, the temperature drops.

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Stratosphere

Located above troposhere.

♣ The Ozone layer is a part of the stratosphere

Mesosphere

Above the stratosphere, and it is about 50km to 80km above sea level.

Thermosphere

Above the mesosphere.

♣Due to the radiation, this layer can be extremely hot--about 1500 to 3000^οC.

Exosphere

Outler layer of atomsphere

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Albedo

The amount of radiation reflected by a surface.

♣An high albedo means that object can reflect more radiation and absorb less heat, and vice versa.

ex) Forest has a low albedo, so it absorbs most of the radiation, and snow has a high albedo, so it reflects most of the radiation

Negative feedback loop

A path that continuously getting worst and worst.

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Weather

The "emotion" of the atmosphere during a short period of time. It includes preciptation, air pressure, humidity, winds, and so on.

ex) today's weather is sunny with a short light rain

Air presseure(atomosphere pressure)

Air has pressure; for example, an empty plastic bottle will becomes crushed over a period of time.

Basically, air pressure is the mass of air that put above on Earth's surface.

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Air Mass

It is a large body of air having nearly even conditions of temperature and humidity. They forms when the air contact with the land or sea for a long time.(so that they can receive enough temp. and water)

High Pressure&Low Pressure Systems

High pressure forms when air mass cold over land.

Low pressure forms when air mass moves over warm land and sea.

Prevailing Winds

BC: The moist air mass from pacific Ocean blows to the coastal mountains and forms rain. Therefore only dry air blows to the interior.

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Onshore Breeze

In day time, the land is hotter than the sea. Due to convection current, the cool air sinks and replace the hot air in the land, that also brings water towards the land.

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Offshore Breeze

At the night, land is cooler and the sea is wamer. Due to convection(oppsite direction), the warm air above the sea raise and replace the cooler one on land, that causes the water moves away from the land.

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The Coriolis effect

The rotation of Earth causes the changing direction of air, or things. It makes winds to the right in northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern.

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Global wind patterns

Three major wind: trade, prevailing, and polar(wind from the poles).

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Jet Streams

Long, narrow, high-speed air that flows eastward in a mostly horizontal direction in the stratosphere. They are nearer the equator and move faster in the summer.

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Fronts

The transition area or boundary between two air mass with different density and temperature. Usually with couldiness and precipitation.

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Tornadoes

Terrible, low-pressure storm, narrow, but with very rapidly rotating winds; it looks like funnel.

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Hurricanes

It also called tropical cyclones--a large system of winds that form in the lower latitudes, and they are smaller but tend to be more violent.(great damage)

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El Nino

It is very bad for fishing and agriculture, and it caused by an unusual weakening of the normally westward-blowing wind, which allows warm surface water to spread eastward.

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La Nina

It is always related to El Nino and often follows El Nino. Very strong wind lets Pacific water move west. 

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Continental Drift Theroy

German scientist Alfred Wegener posed that the continents are not used to be the present area;instead, they are drift to nowadays' place though a long period of time. (Supercontinent=panagea)

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Jigsaw Puzzle Fit

A piece of edivence supports Wegener's thought--all the continents can be fit together naturally like the Jigsaw

Matching Fossils

Another piece of edvience--similar fossils are found in different continents.

ex) Ferns(fossil) could grew in cold climate; however, they are found almost every continents, and that support the "Pangea".

Matching Geological Structures and Rocks

Some mountains ranges are found to begin on one continent and end at coast line then show up on another continents far away. Rocks are also found similar on several continent. 

ex) the same type of rocks are found in Greenland and Norway.

Climatic Evidence

Places in different continent have inverse climate.

ex) India is in tropical climate zone, but it has big glaciers aound. That prove it was used to be in a colder place.

paleomagnetism

Earth has magnetic poles(south&North) and magnetic field, and they are slowly changing over  a long time. 

Scientists found out there was a pattern that rocks on the sea level appear on two sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Hot Spot

A place where melting rocks pop out to Earth`s surface.

ex)Hawaiian Island is formed passes over a hot spot

Plate

Tectonic Theory

Wilson`s thought which explain the movement of Earth`s surface, supporting Wegener`s idea.

Geological Time

The time used to describe Earth`s geologic history.It is divided into eon, era, period, and epoch.

Crust

It is the most outside part of the Earth. It is mostly made up of a range of igneous rock types. It is about 5-70km thick.

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Lithospher

More hard, mostly made up of rocks;it is a part of upper mantle.

Asthenospher

A part of uppermantle, under the lithosphere. It is mostly fluid, and it is hotter. KMT allows the matter moves apart, and a convection currents.

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Mantle

Beneath the crust, mostly made up magnestium and iron

Outler Core

Below the mantle. It is liquid and made up mostly of mixture of iron and nickel.

Inner Core

The centre of the Earth, and it is mostly made up of iron and some nickel where it`s utterly hot and extremly high dense.

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Mantle Convection

One of the reason why the Earth`s surface move. The covention current in mantle(asthenosphere) and  helps move the continents.

Ridge Push

New things at a the top of a mountain rift pushes older things aside, and the plate are move away.

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Subduction

One dense plate pushes under another plate.

ex) Tsunami 2004 and the Krokatau tsunami of 1883 both started at this subduction zone.

Slab Pull

When the edge of a plate stab under another`s , it pll the rest of the plate with it.

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Plate Boundaries

It is the place where two plates are meeting or touching.

ex) The black thick lines are plate boundaries.

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Divergent plate boundaries 

It refers to two plates spreading apart(split).

Itoften follows by deep earthquakes, melting rocks, and the form of rift eruption.

ex) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge,separating American from Asia.

Transform plate boundaries

It is two plate slide past each other, so it only causes shallow earthquakes and faults, along with no volcanoes and no melting rocks.

ex) San Andreas Faults of Califorina in the U.S.A

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Faults

The rock layer breaks down because of the movement of transform plate boundaries.

Oceanic Crust

It is a dense but thin layer in the crust, made up of mostly basalt.

Continental Crust

It is thicker but less density than the oceanic crust, mostly made up of lighter  rock-type--granite. 

Convergent plate boundaries

It refers to the collision of two plates, followed by earthquakes and melting rocks which leads to the form of volcanoes, making deep se trench.

Oceanic-continental plate convergence

The denser oceanic crust pushes under the continental crust, casuing volcanoes belt. Convection causes the form of volcanoes.

ex) Cascade Mountain range

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Volcanic belt

Simply a long chain of volcanoes.

ex) volcanic belt was formed along North America`s west coast by plate movement.

Trench

Technically a long narrow valley in the ground beneath the sea.

ex)

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Oceanic-oceanic plate convergenc

Two oceanic crust collides(the denser one is under). It may causes volcano island

ex) The island of Japan and Indonesia.

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Continental-continental plate convergence

NO subduction because two mostly equal dense continental crusts collide. It may follows by earthquakes and forms mountains, but no melting rock(therefore no volcanoes).

ex) Himalyan Mountain range between India and China.

Earthquakes

Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the crust of the Earth. They mostly relate to tectonic plates.

ex) Circum-Pacific Belt

Focus

The start point of an earthquake inside the Earth. The energy is released at this point.

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Epicentre

The point on the Earth`s suface directly above the focus.

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Seismic wave

When a earthquake happens, the energy is released and that produces ``shaking``, this kind of vibrations is seismic waves.

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Surface waves (L-waves)

They are the waves rolls along Earth`s suface, and they are the slowest waves.

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Primary waves (P-waves)

They are types of fastest body waves that travel though almost everything, and they squeeze and stretch the ground.

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Secondary waves (S-waves

Also known as type of body waves. It is the second wave after an earthquake, and it travel through only soild in a right angle direction.

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Seismometers

The thing used to measure the amount of the movement of the ground. 

Some can particular measure side to side motion while some can measure up and down motion.

Seismogram

Some sort of digram that describes the time of eaethquakes, the duation of the earthquakes, and the surface area of shaking ground.

 Magnitude

It is a number used to describe the strength of an earthquake. The higher the number is, the more terrible the earthquake is.

Composite volcanoes

Large cone-shaped mountains. The Lava it erupts is thicker and contains numeral gases and rocks.

CURRENT AT CONVERGENT(SUBDUCTION) BOUNDARIES.

ex) Mr.ST Helen`s

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Shield volcanoes

Mostly world largest valcanoes, and they are not current at boundaries but above HOT SPOT. 

It erupts thinner lava so they are not very steep.

ex) Hawaii Island

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Rift eruption

It Current at DIVERGENT boundaries, and they are comparatively ``friendly``. 

ex) Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, between North American Plate and Eurasian Plate.

Pillow Lava

Varities viscosity and it forms under water. They are smooth and pillow-shaped.

A`a

Having high viscosity, and it move slowly, not as hot as Pahoehoe.

ex)the coastal plain of Kīlauea in Hawaii, United States

Pahoehoe

Has Low viscosity, but moves more quickly flows widely and it is very hot.

ex)Pahoehoe from Hawaii

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Volcaic Island arc

Long chain of volcanic island.

ex) The islands of Japan