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Science Vocabulary
vocab
92
Science
9th Grade
09/26/2012

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Term
Scientific methods
Definition
the pattern of investigation procedures
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a possible explanation for a problem using what you know and what you observe
Term
experiment
Definition
something that tests the affects of one thing on another using a control
Term
variable
Definition
a quantity that can have more than a single value
Term
dependent variable
Definition
something that's value changes according to the changes in the other variables
Term
independent variable
Definition
a variable that changes to see how it will affect the dependent variable
Term
constant
Definition
a factor that does not change
Term
control
Definition
the standard by which the test results can be compared
Term
bias
Definition
when a scientists expectations changes how the results are analyzed or conclusions are made
Term
model
Definition
represents an idea, event, or object to help people better understand it
Term
theory
Definition
an explanation of things or events based on knowledge from many observations and investigations
Term
scientific law
Definition
a statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time
Term
standard
Definition
an exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements
Term
SI
Definition
international system of units (metric system)
Term
volume
Definition
the amount of space occupied by an object
Term
matter
Definition
anything that takes up space and has mass
Term
mass
Definition
the measurement of the quantity of matter in an object
Term
density
Definition
the mass per unit volume of a material
Term
graph
Definition
a visual display of information or data
Term
technology
Definition
the application of scientific knowledge to benefit people
Term
society
Definition
a group of people that share similar values and beliefs
Term
motion
Definition
a change in an objects position relative to a reference point
Term
displacement
Definition
the distance and direction of the objects change in position
Term
speed
Definition
distance an object travels per unit of time
Term
vector
Definition
has magnitude and direction
Term
scalar
Definition
has magnitude
Term
resultant vector
Definition
the straight line distance between your starting point and your ending point
Term
velocity
Definition
includes the speed of an object and the direction of its motion
Term
momentum
Definition
the product of an objects mass and velocity
Term
acceleration
Definition
the rate of change of velocity
Term
centripetal acceleration
Definition
acceleration toward the center of a curved or circular path
Term
force
Definition
a push or pull
Term
net force
Definition
the sum of all forces acting on an object
Term
friction
Definition
the force that opposes the sliding motion of two surfaces that are touching each other
Term
gravity
Definition
an attractive force between two objects and the distance between them
Term
field
Definition
a region in space that has a physical quantity (such as force) at every point
Term
weight
Definition
the gravitational force exerted on an object
Term
Newtons first law of motion
Definition
states that an object moves at a constant velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on it
Term
inertia
Definition
the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion
Term
Newtons second law of motion
Definition
states that an objects acceleration is in the same direction as the net force on the object and is equal to the net force exerted on it divided by its mass
Term
Newtons third law of motion
Definition
states that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force that is equal in strength and opposite in direction
Term
air resistance
Definition
a friction-like force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air
Term
terminal velocity
Definition
the maximum speed an object will reach when falling through a substance such as air
Term
free fall
Definition
describes the fall of an object on which only the force of gravity is acting
Term
centripetal force
Definition
is a force exerted toward the center of a curved path
Term
law of conservation of momentum
Definition
states that if no external forces act on a group of objects their total momentum does not change
Term
work
Definition
the force applied through a distance
Term
machine
Definition
a device that changes the force or increases the motion from work
Term
simple machine
Definition
a machine that does work with only one movement of the machine
Term
compound machine
Definition
a combination of two or more simple machines
Term
effciency
Definition
the ratio of output work to input work
Term
mechanical advantage
Definition
the ratio of the output force to the input force
Term
energy
Definition
the ability to cause change
Term
system
Definition
anything in which you can imagine a boundray
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy due to motion
Term
potential energy
Definition
energy that is stored due to the interactions between objects
Term
elastic potential energy
Definition
energy that is stored by compressing or stretching an object
Term
chemical potential energy
Definition
energy that is due to chemical bonds
Term
gravitational potential energy
Definition
energy that is due to the gravitational forces between objects
Term
law of conservation of energy
Definition
states that energy can not be created or destroyed
Term
mechanical energy
Definition
the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the objects in a system
Term
power
Definition
the rate at which energy is converted
Term
temperature
Definition
the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object
Term
thermal energy
Definition
the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all of the particles that make up that object
Term
heat
Definition
energy that is transferred between objects due to a temperature difference between those objects
Term
specific heat
Definition
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 1 kg of that material by 1 C
Term
conduction
Definition
the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between the particles that make up matter
Term
covection
Definition
the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movements of the warmer and cooler fluid
Term
radiation
Definition
the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, such as light and microwaves
Term
thermal insulator
Definition
a material through which thermal energy moves slowly
Term
solar collector
Definition
a device that transforms radiant energy from the Sun into thermal energy
Term
thermodynamics
Definition
the study of the relationships between thermal energy, heat, and work
Term
first law of thermodynamics
Definition
states that if the mechanical energy of a system is a constant, the increase in thermal energy of that system equals the sum of thermal energy transfers into that system and the work done on that system
Term
second law of thermodynamics
Definition
states that energy spontaneously spreads from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
Term
heat engine
Definition
a device that converts some thermal energy into mechanical energy
Term
internal combustion engine
Definition
a heat engine that burns fuel inside a set of cylinders
Term
static electricity
Definition
the accumulation of excess electric charge on an object
Term
law of conservation of charge
Definition
states that charge can be transferred from object to object, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Term
electric field
Definition
surrounds every electric charge and exerts a forcde that causes other electric charges to be attracted or repelled
Term
conductor
Definition
a material through which electrons move easily
Term
insulator
Definition
a material in which electrons are not able to move easily
Term
charging by contact
Definition
the process of transferring charge by touching or rubbing
Term
charging by induction
Definition
the rearrangement of electrons on a neutral object caused by a nearby charged object
Term
electroscope
Definition
a devoce that can detect electric charge
Term
electric current
Definition
the net movement of electric charges in a single direction
Term
voltage difference
Definition
related to the force that causes electric charges to flow
Term
electric circut
Definition
a closed path that electric current flows
Term
resistance
Definition
a material's opposition to the flow of electric current and to convert electrical energy into other forms of energy; measured in ohms
Term
ohms law
Definition
the current in a circut = the voltage differance divided by resistance
I=V/R
Term
series circut
Definition
an electrical circut with only one branch
Term
parellel circuit
Definition
contain two or more branches for current
Term
electrical power
Definition
the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy
P=IV
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