Term
|
Definition
| A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of learning associations, as described in associative learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditioning in which organisms learn the associations between two stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Conditioning in which organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. (Requires reliance on mental processes - the learner has to pay attention, remember, and reproduce what the model did.) |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus - UCS |
|
Definition
| A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response - UCR |
|
Definition
| An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus - CS (Associative Learning-Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response - CR (Associative Learning-Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing. |
|
|
Term
| Acquisition (Associative Learning-Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The concept that means the the CS and UCS are presented very close together in time when acquisition is being enforced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term that means that the CS must precede the UCS closely in time, and it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the UCS is on the way. |
|
|
Term
| Generalization (Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. |
|
|
Term
| Discrimination (Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. |
|
|
Term
| Extinction (Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. |
|
|
Term
| Spontaneous Recovery (Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning. |
|
|
Term
| Renewal (Classical Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a rewarding stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behaviors will happen again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A organism's learning through experience with unavoidable negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. |
|
|
Term
| Generalization (operant conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. |
|
|
Term
| Discrimination (operant conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. |
|
|
Term
| Extinction (operant conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. |
|
|
Term
| Schedules of Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. |
|
|
Term
| Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| A behavior or reward after a set number of behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Variable-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| A pattern in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis. |
|
|
Term
| Fixed-Interval Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| Reinforcement of the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. |
|
|
Term
| Variable-Interval Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| A timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Applied Behavior Analysis |
|
Definition
| Also called behavior modification, the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior (attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeing a model rewarded for an activity which increases the chances that an observer will repeat the behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeing a model punished for a behavior which results in the observer being less likely to repeat the behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Purposiveness of Behavior |
|
Definition
| The idea that much of behavior is goal-directed. |
|
|
Term
| Latent Learning (implicit learning) |
|
Definition
| Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not in others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes the way our beliefs about ability dictate what goals we set for ourselves, what we think we can learn, and ultimately what we do learn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mindset in which we believe that our qualities are carved in stone and cannot change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mindset in which we believe that our qualities can change and improve through effort. |
|
|
