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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| The goals of psychological science are: |
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| describe, predict, and explain behavior. |
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| Everything we do that can be directly observed |
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| The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly. |
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| The use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior, and to draw conclusions. |
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| The attitudes at the core of the scientific approach are: |
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| Critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity, and curiosity |
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| The process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. |
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| Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning. |
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| Psychologist that specialize in studying and treating psychological disorders. |
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| A branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths. |
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
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| German philosopher-physician, put the pieces of philosophy-natural science together to create the academic discipline of psychology. Founded the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig with his student E. B. Titchener. Founded the structuralism approach to psychology. |
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| Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes; so called because of its focus on identifying the structures of the human mind. |
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| James's approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment. A core question is functionalism is, why is human thought adaptive - that is, why are people better off because they can think than would be otherwise? |
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William James (1842-1910)
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| Philosopher and psychologist. Founder of functionalism. Saw the mind as flexible and fluid, characterized by constant change in response to a continuous flow of information from the world. James called the natural flow of thought a "stream of consciousness". |
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| An evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive, and produce offspring. (Charles Darwin) |
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| those collections of molecules that are responsible for heredity |
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| Seven approaches that represent the intellectual backdrop of psychological science (contemporary approaches to psychology) : |
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| biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, and sociocultural |
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| An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. |
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| The scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. |
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| An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. - John B. Watson (1878-1958) and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) |
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B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
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| Intellectual leader of behaviorism (behavioral approach) |
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John B Watson (1878-1958)
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| Intellectual leader of behaviorism (behavioral approach) |
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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| Founding father of the psychodynamic approach |
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| An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences. |
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| An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. |
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| An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. |
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| An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. |
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| An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. |
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| Field of study that focuses on the physical processes that underlie mental operations such as vision and memory. |
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| Behavioral Neuroscience Psychology |
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| Field of study that focuses on biological processes, especially the brain's role in behavior. |
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| Sensation and Perception Psychology |
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| Field of study that focuses on the physical systems and psychological processes that allow us to experience the world. |
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| Field of study that concerns the intricate process by which behavior changes to adapt to the changing circumstances. Learning has been addressed from the behavioral and cognitive perspectives. |
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| The broad name given to the field of psychology that examines attention, consciousness, information processing, and memory. Cognitive psychologists are also interested in skills and abilities such as problem solving, decision making, expertise, and intelligence. |
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| Field of study concerned with how people become who they are, from conception to death. This field concentrates on the biological and environmental factors that contribute to human development. |
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| Motivation and Emotion Psychology |
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| Research questions addressed include how individuals persist to attain a difficulty goal and how rewards affect the experience of motivation. Delves into such topics as physiological and brain processes that underlie emotional experience, the role of emotional experience in health, and the possibility that emotions are universal. |
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| Psychology of Women and Gender |
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| Studies psychological, social, and cultural influences on women's development and behavior. Also interested in the broad topic of gender and biological sexual influences on our ideas about ourselves and men and women. |
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| Studies personality, consisting of the relatively enduring characteristics of individual. Includes study of traits, goals, motives, genetics, personality development, and well-being. |
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| Field that deals with people's interactions with one another, relationships, social perceptions, social cognition, and attitudes. Also includes study of close interpersonal relationships. |
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| Industrial and Organizational Psychology (I/O) |
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Industrial Psychology includes personnel matters and human resource management.
Organizational Psychology examines the social influences in organizations and organizational leadership. |
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| The scientific study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders. |
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| Clinical and Counseling Psychology |
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| Diagnoses and treats people with psychological problems. Most widely practiced specialization in psychology. |
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| A multidimensional approach to human health that emphasizes psychological factors, lifestyle, and the nature of the healthcare delivery system. Studies the roles of stress and coping in people's lives. |
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| Field that concentrates on improving the quality of relationships among individuals, their community, and society at large. Provide accessible care for people with psychological problems. Create communities that are more supportive of their residents by pinpointing needs, providing services, and teaching people how to access resources that are already available. |
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| School and Educational Psychology |
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| Centrally concern's children's learning and adjustments in school. At colleges teach classes and do research on teaching and learning. |
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| The study of interactions between people and their physical environment. Explore the effects of physical setting in most major areas of psychology, including perception, cognition, learning, development, abnormal behavior, and social relations. |
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| The field of psychology that applies psychological concepts to the legal system. |
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| Applies psychology's principles to improving sports performance and enjoying sports participation. |
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| Cross-Cultural Psychology |
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| The study of culture's role in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. These psychologists compare the nature of psychological processes in different cultures with a special interest in whether psychological phenomena are universal or culture-specific. |
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