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Sci 150
exam 2
80
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/02/2012

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Term
radioactivity
Definition
discovered by Becquerel in late 1800s
"phosphoresscence" experiment
Term
3 types of nuclear radiation
Definition
alpha
beta
gamma
Term
alpha radiation
Definition
high energy helium nuclei
least penetrable (paper, foil can block it)
Term
beta radiation
Definition
high energy electrons
dense wood and heavy clothing can block it
Term
gamma radiation
Definition
high energy electromagnetic radiation
most dangerous
thick lead walls, concrete can block it
Term
radon
Definition
2nd leading cause of lung cancer in US
alpha emitter
Term
nuclear fission
Definition
breaking apart
stable ratios in nucleus
if isotope has too many neutrons, not stable-likely to decay
otto han bombarded Uranium 92 with neutrons and got Ba 56
he sent his data to lise mietner who coined the term nuclear fission
produces huge amounts of energy and 3 extra neutrons
Term
chain reactions
Definition
in order for it to occur, had to have a critical mass (must be purified)
neutrons hit atoms and produce more neutrons
Term
manhattan project
Definition
US plan to build the first atomic weapon
production facilities in washington and oak ridge tn
oak ridge was where the separation of U-235 from U-238 occurred
Term
first atomic bombs
Definition
little boy-assembled in Los Alamos, NM
fat man
both types need an initiator (neutron source)
Term
first and only military use
Definition
exploded above Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Aug 6 and 9 1945
complete devastation for a 2 mile radius
unfortunately the technology is fairly simple
Term
the hydrogen bomb
Definition
fusion- several smaller atoms come together releasing energy
in the sun, 4 hydrogen atoms fuse to make helium + positrons + electrons
in the bomb, deuterium + tritium fuse at high temperatures
Term
other use for fission
Definition
nuclear power
provides ~15% of world's electricity
80% in france
30% in Japan
20% in US
Term
problems with nuclear energy
Definition
terrorist threats
waste disposal- Yucca mountain
environmental disasters- 3 mile island, Chernobyl, Fukushima
Term
Chernobyl
Definition
somatic damage- radiation burns
genetic damage- radiation affects womens' eggs
Term
carbon-14 dating
Definition
carbon 14 reacts to form 14 CO2
becomes incorporated into living objects while they are alive
by measuring ratios of C isotopes, can tell age of species
shroud of turin- jesus' burial cloth?
Term
radiation in medicine
Definition
I-131 used to treat thyroid disorders and cancer
Cobalt-60 used to treat cancer
PET scan
Term
carbon chemistry
Definition
in everything alive
valence structure C (4 dots around)
likes to make 4 bonds
hydrocarbon- hydrogen and carbon
Term
families of hydrocarbons
Definition
alkanes-single bond
alkenes- double bond
alkynes- triple bond
aromatics
Term
isomerism
Definition
same chemical formula, different structure
naming: identify longest carbon chain
Term
alkenes
Definition
have at least one double bond, 4 electrons shared
Term
alkynes
Definition
have at least one triple bond, share 6 electrons
Term
cycloalkanes
Definition
contain a ring structure, all single bonds
Term
aromatics
Definition
most smell good
contain benzene- c6h6 extremely stable
Term
fuels
Definition
something consumed to produce energy
gas, food, wood, coal etc.
Term
petroleum
Definition
petra- rock, oleum- oil
mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds
must be separated into components to be useful
fractional distillation-fractions separated based on their volatility
Term
how your car works
Definition
make chemical energy into kinetic energy
Term
4 strokes in an engine
Definition
intake, compression, power, exhaust
Term
diesels
Definition
high compression ratio- more fuel efficient
Term
knocking
Definition
ignition doesn't fire consistently
likelihood increases with increased compression ratio
may need gasoline with a higher octane rating
Term
octane rating
Definition
measure of a gasoline's resistence to knocking
2,2,4 trimethylpentane-if used in car it won't knock
heptane knocks readily
most common blends are 87,89,93
Term
leaded gasoline
Definition
cheap way to improve octane rating
poisons environment
also poisoned catalytic converters
Term
MTBE methyl tert-butyll ether
Definition
used as octane enhancer and an oxygenate
pollutes water supply
being replaced with ethanol
Term
avogadros number
Definition
# of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
6.02 x 10^23
Term
concentration
Definition
how much solute is dissolved in given amount of solvent
Term
solution
Definition
homogeneous mixure
Term
solvent
Definition
does the dissolving
Term
solute
Definition
is being dissolved
Term
molarity
Definition
moles of solute/L of solution
Term
part per million
Definition
ppm
mg of solute per L of solution
Term
part per billion
Definition
ppb
micrograms of solute per L of solution
Term
acids
Definition
taste sour, turn litmus red, react with certain metals to release H30+
Term
bases
Definition
taste bitter, turn litmus blue, feel slippery, release OH in solution
Term
neutralization
Definition
acids and bases can react together to form a salt (and frequently water)
Term
salt
Definition
compound produced by a neutralization reaction
Term
Arrhenius (what he said about acids and bases)
Definition
acid produces H+ (proton or hydronium) in water
base produces OH-(hydroxide ion) in water
Term
bronsted/lowry
Definition
an acid can transfer a proton to another species
a base can accept a proton from another species
Term
water-acid or base?
Definition
both-amphoteric
Term
dynamic equilibrium
Definition
concentrations are fixed, reactions always occurring but you can't measure it
they occur both ways
Term
pure water and solutions
Definition
at any given point in time, there are free H3O+ and free OH- in pure water
as long as their concentrations are equal, we say that the water is neutral
Term
strong acids
Definition
ionize completely in water
ex. sulfuric acid-H2SO4, hydrochloric acid-HCl, nitirc acid-HNO3
Term
weak acids
Definition
partially ionize in water
ex. citric acid, acetic acid
Term
strong bases
Definition
ionize completely in water
ex. NaOH, KOH
Term
weak bases
Definition
partially ionize in water
ex. NaHCO3, NH3
Term
pH
Definition
power of hydronium ion
-log [H30+]
Term
pH of acidic solution
Definition
less than 7
Term
pH of neutal solution
Definition
7
Term
pH of basic solution
Definition
greater than 7
Term
Kw
Definition
[H30+] x [OH-} = 1x10^-14
Term
MOLECULES OF THE DAY:
need it in our diet
we get most from fruits and veggies
B vitamin
helps reduce risk of vascular disease
prevents neural tube defects in developing fetuses
Definition
folic acid
Term
colorless liquid
found as an ester in butter and some cheeses
formed from sugars by bacteria
rancid unpleasant odor
locker room smell
Definition
butyric acid
Term
most important in pro-vitamin A family
occurs naturally, usually with chlorophyll
yellow coloring agents for foods
found in carrots
good for eyes
Definition
beta-carotene
Term
originally derived from plants
1700s- 2nd only to rice as cash crop
can now be synthesixed from napthalene
used to color original star spangled banner
used to color blue jeans
Definition
indigo
Term
highly soluble in lipids
prescription drug to alleviate sever pain
used as a treatment for narcotic withdrawl
used in detoxifying opiate addicts
becoming more frequently abused
Definition
methadone
Term
approved by FDA in 1998
similar to sucrose
made by chlorinating sucrose
no nutritional vlaue
mixed with maltodextrin and sold as splenda
Definition
sucralose
Term
naturally occurring phytoalexin
found in grapes, soybeans and peanuts
may function as an anti-oxidant
may prevent cancer, heart disease, and extend your life
may be responsible for the french paradox
Definition
resveratrol
Term
an oil mixture
found in plants
R group dependent on species
can cause contact dermatitus
Definition
urushiol
Term
soluble in water
heavy skunk odor
used as additive in natural gas
Definition
tert-butyl mercaptan
Term
hormone/ chemical transmiter
released by mast cells
can cause gastric acid secretion, breathing difficulty, itchy watery eyes
Definition
histamine
Term
ALKANES:
methane
Definition
1 carbon- CH4
Term
ethane
Definition
2 carbons- C2H6
Term
propane
Definition
3 carbons- C3H8
Term
butane
Definition
4 carbons- C4H10
Term
pentane
Definition
5 carbons- C5H12
Term
hexane
Definition
6 carbons- C6H14
Term
heptane
Definition
7 carbons- C7H16
Term
octane
Definition
8 carbons- C8H18
Term
nonane
Definition
9 carbons- C9H20
Term
nonane
Definition
9 carbons- C9H20
Term
decane
Definition
10 carbons- C10H22
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