Term
| What are Bleuler's four As to describe schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Associations
Autism
Affect
Ambivalence |
|
|
Term
| What did Bleuler describe as accessory (secondary) symptoms of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Hallucinations and delusions |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the course of schizophrenia differ in men and women? |
|
Definition
Onset is earlier in men - 1/2 of men but only 1/3 of women admitted <25y
Women display bimodal age distribution - second peak in middle age
Women have less negative symptoms and better outcome |
|
|
Term
| What are the common ages for schizophrenia to develop? |
|
Definition
| Onset before age 10 or after 60 is extremely rare |
|
|
Term
| What is the relative risk of schizophrenia in a 1st-degree relative of a patient? |
|
Definition
| 10 times more likely to develop the disease |
|
|
Term
| What birth-months have a higher risk of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| January-April in the Northern hemisphere (July-September in the Southern hemisphere) |
|
|
Term
| What 5 risks during gestation have been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia in the child? |
|
Definition
Gestational and birth complications
Exposure to influenza epidemics
Maternal starvation during pregnancy
Rh factor incompatibility
Excess of winter births |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifetime prevalence of drug abuse in schizophrenia patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there an association between cannabis use and schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| In one study, heavy users (>50 occasions) had a 6-fold risk of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| How does population density affect schizophrenia rates? |
|
Definition
| Prevalence of schizophrenia correlates with population density in cities >1 million people. Correlates weakly in cities 100,000-500,000 people. |
|
|
Term
| What is the likelihood of repeat hospitalization after the first admission of a schizophrenia patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalnce of schizophrenia among dizygotic and monozygotic twins of a schizophrenia patient? |
|
Definition
| 12% and 47%, respectively |
|
|
Term
| What paternal factor is associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Age > 60y at birth of child |
|
|
Term
| What two observations support the dopamine hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
The effectiveness of antipsychotics correlates well with their antagonistic ability of D2 receptors
Dopaminergic drugs (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines) can cause psychosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic CT findings in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Enlarged lateral and 3rd ventricles, reduction in cortical volume |
|
|
Term
| What changes in the limbic system have been noted in schizophrenia patients? |
|
Definition
Decreased size of hippocampus, amygldala and parahippocampal gyrus.
Disturbed glutamate trasmission and disorganized neurorns in hippocampus. |
|
|
Term
| What five neuroanatomical structures are notably abnormal in the brains of schizophrenic patients? |
|
Definition
Limbic system
Prefrontal cortex
Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What 6 EEG changes are noted in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Increased sensitivitiy to activation procedures
Decreased α activity
Increased δ activity
Increased θ actvity
Possibly more epilerptiform activity
Possible more left-sided activity
|
|
|
Term
| Which eye movement dysfunction is frequent in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Inability to follow a moving visual target accurately
50-85% in schizophrenics, 25% of non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients, 10% of normal population |
|
|
Term
| What four immunological abnormalities are noted in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Decreased T-cell IL-2 production
Reduced number and acitivity of peripheral lymphocytes
Abnormal cellular and humoral reactivity to neurons
Presence of anti-brain antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What was Sigmund Freud's theory of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Schizophrenia resulted from developmental fixations occuring earlier than those culminating in neuroses, leading to defects in ego development. |
|
|
Term
| What was Margaret Mahler's theory of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| The infant is unable to seperate from and progress beyond the complete dependece of the mother-child relationship in the oral phase. |
|
|
Term
| What was Harry Stack Sullivan's theory of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Schizophrenia is a disturbace in interpersonal relatedness.
Cumulative experiential traumas in childhood → massive anxiety → sense of unrelatedness → parataxic distortions.
Schizophrenia is a defense mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| What is criterion A of the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Symptoms - ≥2 symptoms of the following present for a significant portion of 1 month:
(1) delusions
(2) hallucinations
(3) disorganized speech
(4) disorganized or catatonic behavior
(5) negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for paranoid type schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
A. Preoccupation with delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations
B. None of the following are prominent: disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, flat or inappropriate affect |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for catatonic type schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
≥2 of:
(1) catalepsy or stupor
(2) excessive motor activity
(3) extreme negativism or mutism
(4) peculiarities of voluntary movements
(5) echolalia or echopraxia |
|
|
Term
| How does the paranoid type of schizophrenia differ from other subtypes in the course of disease? |
|
Definition
Older age at onset
Less regression of mental faculties |
|
|
Term
| What is bouffée délirante (acute delusional psychosis)? |
|
Definition
| A French diagnostic concept similar to schizophrenia but with a symptom duration of <3 months. 40% of patients will develop schizophrenia. |
|
|
Term
| What is simple deteriorative disorder? |
|
Definition
| Aka, simple schizophrenia - gradual, insidious loss of drive and ambition. |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for Simple Deteriorative Disorder? |
|
Definition
A. Progressive development ≥1 year of: decline in occupational functioning, negative symptoms, poor interpersonal rapport.
B. Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met |
|
|
Term
| How common is postpsychotic depressive disorder of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
25% of patients
Increased risk of suicide |
|
|
Term
| What is late-onset schizophrenia? How does the prognosis compare to other schizophrenics? |
|
Definition
Age at onset > 45 years
Better prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of mood and affect in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Anhedonia or overly active and inappropriate emotions
Flat or blunted affect |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common modalities of hallucinations in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Auditory - most common
Visual - also common
Tactile, olfactory, gustatory - rare |
|
|
Term
| What are cenesthetic hallucinations? |
|
Definition
| Unfounded senstations of altered states in bodily organs (e.g. burning sensation in the brain) |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death among schizophrenics? |
|
Definition
| Suicide - 20-50% of patients attempt suicide, 10-13% complete suicide |
|
|
Term
| What 2 areas of cognition are usually unchanged in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the symptoms of schizophrenia change in the course of the disease? |
|
Definition
| Positive symptoms tend to recede, negative symptoms to deteriorate |
|
|
Term
| How successful is the treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotics? |
|
Definition
| 70% of patients will achieve remission |
|
|
Term
| Is violent behavior common among schizophrenia patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
