Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| with the base, used to carry the microscope |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transmit the magnified image |
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Term
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Definition
| lenses that focus light into a cone |
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Term
| microscope iris diaphragm |
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Definition
| controls the angle and size of the cone of light |
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Term
| microscope revolving nosepiece |
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Definition
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Term
| microscope obective lenses |
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Definition
| magnify & invert the image |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when light rays converge at one point |
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Term
| microscope coarse adjustment |
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Definition
| larger knob used to focus on low power |
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Term
| microscope fine adjustment |
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Definition
| smaller knob used to focus with high power and oil immersion |
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Term
| microscope field of vision |
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Definition
| area seen through the microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of times an image is increased in size |
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Term
| formula for magnification |
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Definition
| determined by multiplying the power of the objective by the power of the ocular lens |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to distinguish two points as distinct and separate |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount light bends when it enters a new medium |
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Term
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Definition
| when one lens is focused, all the other lenses will also be in focus |
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Term
| which lens has the shortest focal distance? |
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Definition
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Term
| the three basic bacterial shapes |
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Definition
| rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), spirals |
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Term
| the field of vision decreases when the magnification... |
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Definition
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Term
| why does immersion oil increase resolution? |
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Definition
| it has the same refractive index as glass (1.52) and the light does not bend between the slide and the objective lens |
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Term
| when viewing large organisms like fungi or protozoa, it is best to use the ___________ lens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the middle of the field of view is in focus but the periphery is blurry. Light passing through the middle of the lens has a different focal point than light passing through the outside |
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Term
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Definition
| many colors appear in the field. occurs when each wavelength of light has a different focal point |
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Term
| In bright field microscopy, the image is made from: |
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Definition
| light that is transmitted through a specimen |
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Term
| Bacterial stains will _____ the organism |
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Definition
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Term
| The condenser lens ___________ the light |
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Definition
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Term
| Refraction is ________ of light rays |
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Definition
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Term
A microscope produces 2 images.
One is _____ and one is ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The virtual image appears ___________ the microscope |
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Definition
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Term
| The formula for calculating magnification: |
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Definition
total magnification =
magnification by the objective lens
x
magnification by the ocular lens |
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Term
| Resolution is defined as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The limit of resolution is: |
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Definition
| an actual measurement of how far apart two points must be for the microscope to view them as being separate |
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Term
| Write the formula for the limit of resolution: |
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Definition
λ
D=-----------------------------------
NAcondenser +NAobjective |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of a lens's ability to "capture" light coming from the specimin and use it to make the image |
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Term
| Using immersion oil makes the numerical aperture__________ |
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Definition
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Term
In dark-field microscopy, objects appear ________
against a _________ background |
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Definition
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Term
| In phase contrast microscopy, the specimen appears as various levels of ______ against a bright background |
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Definition
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Term
Fluorescent microscopy uses fluorescent ______
that emit light when illuminated with
_____________ light |
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Definition
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Term
| A mixed culture contains: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The purpose of streaking bacteria on a plate is to: |
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Definition
| isolate an individual species from a mixed sample |
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Term
| Individual cells grow into: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| individual cells or pairs, chains, or clusters of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism can be found everywhere, could be isolated from soil, water, plants, and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of causing disease |
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Term
| Define opportunistic pathogen |
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Definition
| capable of causing disease if introduced into a suitable part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| any area where a microbe resides and serves as a potential source of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms float on top and produce a surface membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| evenly distributed throughout |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms that can infect us: |
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Definition
Amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica causes dysnetery)
Nematodes
(Enterobius vermicularis - pinworm - intestines
Ascaris lumbricoides - intestines
Necator americanus - intestines
Trichinella spirallis - muscles)
Ciliates (Balantidium coli - intestines)
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Term
| Organisms that may transmit disease |
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Definition
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Term
| most commonly used staining method |
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Definition
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Term
| gram staining - which stain is applied first? |
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Definition
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Term
gram staining
what forms inside the cell after you add iodine?
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Definition
| crystal violet-iodine complex |
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Term
gram staining
what type of cell is decolorized? |
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Definition
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Term
gram staining
Name the counterstain |
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Definition
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Term
| what effect does alcohol have on the gram-negative cell wall? |
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Definition
| the alcohol extracts the lipid, making the gram negative cell wall more porus and unable to retain the crystal-iodine complex, decolorizing it |
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Term
| Explain why gram-positive cells are not decolorized |
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Definition
| the thicker peptidoglycan traps the crystal violet-iodine complex more effectively, making them less susceptible to decolorization |
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Term
| What color will gram-positive cells be if the decolorizer is left on too long? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the appearance of a good emulsion |
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Definition
| dries to a faint haze on the slide |
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Term
| what happens to older gram-positive cultures? |
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Definition
| may decolorize and give a gram negative result |
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Term
| In the negative staining technique a chromogen (dye) has a ____________ charge. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pH of negative stains is_____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative stains do not enter bacterial cells because the charges ____________ each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative staining is commonly employed for bacteria that are: |
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Definition
| too delicate to withstand heat-fixing |
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Term
| Acid-fast bacteria have ____________ in their cell walls |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid-fast organisms resist _________ by _________ alcohol. |
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Definition
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Term
| The names of the 2 acid-fast staining procedures are: |
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Definition
Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)
Kinyoun (K) |
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Term
| When preparing an acid-fast smear, a drop of __________ is used to help the ____________ organisms adhere to the slide |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary stain in the ZN method is _________ because it is soluble in _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Heating causes acid-fast cell walls to _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the counterstain in an acid-fast stain is |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid fast cells are colored |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Capsules are made of __________ or _________ |
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Definition
| mucoid polysaccharides, polypeptides |
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Term
| (Capsule stain) Two examples of netgaive stains are: |
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Definition
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Term
| (Capsule stain) Negative stain pH is ___________ and they stain the background |
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Definition
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Term
| (Capsule stain) A basic stain is used to stain _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| (Capsule stain) We do not heat fix because: |
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Definition
| it causes the cells to shrink, leaving an artifactual white halo that may be interpreted as a capsure |
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Term
| Cells stick to the slide by adding a drop of ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A dormant form of the bacteria that allows it to survive poor environmental conditions |
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Term
| Endospores are covered with a protein called: |
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Definition
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Term
| (endospore stain) The primary stain is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| (endospore stain) The decolorizer is: |
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Definition
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Term
| (endospore stain) The cells that are counterstained with safranin are ______________ and _____________ |
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Definition
| vegetative cells, spore mother cells |
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Term
| Location of endospore: central |
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Definition
| In the middle of the cell |
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Term
| Location of endospore: terminal |
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Definition
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Term
| location of endospore: subterminal |
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Definition
| between the end and the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical, elliptical (oval) |
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Term
| some spores are large and make the cell look: |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can't we view flagella using an unstained preperation? |
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Definition
| flagella are too thin to be observed with light microscope and ordinary stains |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tufts of flagella at one end |
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Term
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Definition
| flagella all over the cell |
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Term
| Why does light of a shorter wavelength produce a clearer image than light of longer wavelengths? |
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Definition
| As wavelength gets smaller, resolution gets smaller because wavelength is on the top of the equation |
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Term
| Colony morphology includes: |
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Definition
| colony size, color, shape, margin, elevation, texture |
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Term
| colony morphology - shape |
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Definition
| round, irregular, punctiform |
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Term
| colony morphology - margin |
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Definition
| entire, undulate, lobate, filmentous, rhizoid |
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Term
| colony morphology - elevation |
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Definition
| flat, raised, convex, pulvinate (very convex), umbonate (raised in center) |
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Term
| colony morphology - texture |
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Definition
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Term
| colony morphology - color |
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Definition
| opaque, translucent, shiny, dull |
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Term
| colony morphology - other factors |
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Definition
| length of incubation, temperature of incubation, type of medium grown on, oxygen concentration during incubation |
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Term
| Why are microorganisms located on the desks not sterilized as extremely as the plates? |
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Definition
| Bugs that grow on desks at 25 degree C are probably not human pathogens. Plates have many more bugs on them as well. |
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Term
| What is significant about organisms that grow well at 37 degrees C? |
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Definition
| They probably came from humans. |
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Term
| Capsule stain - why must the sample be emulsified in serum? |
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Definition
| To help them stick to the slide because they are slippery. |
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Term
| Why do oral bacteria produce a capsule? |
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Definition
| protection against phagocytocis and to stick to surfaces and each other forming a biofilm |
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Term
| Why was an older culture of Bacillus used to demonstrate endospores? |
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Definition
| Spores are formed in response to nutrient depletion, so the |
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Term
| Why can't flagella be observed in action? |
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Definition
| Because they are too thin to be seen with regular stain. A mordant must be used to encrust the flagella so it is thick enough to be seen. |
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Term
Type of microscopy:
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Type of microscopy:
[image] |
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Definition
|
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Term
type of microscopy:
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
type of microscopy:
[image] |
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Definition
| phase contrast microscopy |
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
bacterial morphology
[image] |
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Definition
| ovoid coccus (Lactococcus lactis) |
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Term
bacterial morphology
[image] |
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Definition
| gram positive bacilli (Bacillus) |
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Term
bacterial morphology
[image] |
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Definition
| gram positive staphylococci |
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
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Definition
| gram positive streptobaccillus |
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
|
Definition
|
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
|
Definition
| gram negative vibrio (Vibrio cholera) |
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
|
Definition
| gram negative diplococci (Nesseria gonorrhea) |
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
|
Definition
| tetrads (Micrococcus roseus) |
|
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Term
bacterial morphology:
[image] |
|
Definition
gram positive streptococci
(Streptococcus pyogenes) |
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Term
bacterial morphology
[image] |
|
Definition
gram positive bacilli, palisades arrangement
(Corynebacterium) |
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Term
| How to do a plate streak: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1- obligate aerobes (need oxygen) - growth at top
2 - faculative anaerobes - growth throughout, but more growth at top
3- microaerophiles
4 - anaerobes - growth at bottom, no growth at top where oxygen is present |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1 - heat fix emulsion
2 - cover smear with crystal violet stain for 30-60 sec
3 - rinse with distilled water
4 - cover smear with iodine for 30 - 60 sec
5 - rinse with distilled water
6 - decolorize with alcohol
7 - counterstain with safranin for 30 - 60 sec
8 - rinse with distilled water
9 - blot dry with bibulous paper |
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Term
gram positive vs gram negative results:
[image] |
|
Definition
gram positive - dark purple
gram negative - pinkish red |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria are unstained against dark background |
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Term
acid-fast stain (ZN)
[image] |
|
Definition
| in ZN stain, acid fast cells are reddish-purple (non acid fast cells are blue) |
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Term
acid fast stain (K)
[image] |
|
Definition
| acid fast cells are reddish purple (non acid fast cells are blue) |
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Term
|
Definition
| acidic stain colorizes the background while the basic stain colorizes the cell, leaving the capsules as unstained white clearings around the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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