Methanogens

Extreme Halophiles

Hyperthermophiles

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Soil microbes - carbon, nitorgen, sulfur, phosphorous cycle

In intestines make - Vitamin K and some B vitamins

Food Industry - yogurt, vinegar, pickles, cheese, saurkraut

disproved spontaneous generation

pasteurization - microbes can be killed by heat

proved specific bacteria cause specific disease

injected cows with anthrax

1 - the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

2 - the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

3 - the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal

4 - the pathogen must be isolated from lab animal and be identical to original animal

-bacteria involved in carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus cycle

-sewage treatment

-bio remediation

-control insects

keep respiratory and digestive tract healthy

each person has different normal flora

a complex, aggregation of microbes

thick - layers prevent penetration by antibiotics

Bird Flu (H5N1)

MRSA - Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

West Nile Encephalitis

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

VRE - Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci

Marburg virus

Group A Streptococcus (flesh eating bacteria)

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow - caused by prions)

- one circular chromosome

- DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane

- divide by binary fission

- unicellular

-most have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

-no membrane enclosed organelles (have ribosomes)

-DNA is in the form of a continuous strand

coccus (pl. cocci) - spherical

bacillus (pl. bacilli) - rods

spirals

diplococci - pairs

streptococci - chains

tetrad - groups of 4

sarcinae - cubelike groups of 8

staphylococci - grapelike clusters

*strep (small) *staph (big)

diplobacilli - form pairs

streptobacilli - chains

coccobacilli - ovals

pallisades - look like Chinese letters (ex Diphtheria)

vibrio - curved

spirilla - helical, like a corkscrew with rigid bodies

spirochetes - flexible corkscrews

gelatinous coat or capsule

-prevents phagocytosis

-helps them stick to surface

monotrichous - one

amphitrichous - tufts at both ends

lophotrichous - 2 or more at 1 end

peritrichous - flagella all over cell

- semi rigid

- protects against lysis

- protects internal structures

- usually made of peptidoglycan

- Thick, many layers of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane

- Resists decolorization when gram staining

- Contain teichoic acid (allows for slide agglutination typing)

- One, or just a few peptidoglycan layers outside the cell membrane

- Easily broken

- No teichoic acids

- Have outer membrane of phospholipid bilayer, used to determine strain or serovar

- Barrier for some antibiotics, enzymes, heavy metals, bile salts

No cell walls - Mycoplasma

Acid Fast cell walls - Mycobacterium (have a waxy lipid called "mycolic acid" in cell wall, resists staining. Must use heated carbolfuchsin)

Animals

Plants

Monera

Protists

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

-prokaryotes

-single celled

-do not have peptidoglycan in cell walls

-live in extreme environments

Classification of Prokaryote

 species

members have similar characteristics

different from other species

derived from a single parent

Classification of Prokaryote

 strain/serovar/subspecies

Classification of Prokaryote

 clone

Classification of Eukaryotes

 Animals

include sponges, insects, vertabrates, worms

insects - carriers of diseases (mosquitos, lice, bed bugs)

worms that can infect humans - pinworm, roundworm, tapeworm

Classification of Eukaryotes

 Plants

include algae, moss, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

algae can poison our food

ex. potato famine

Classification of Eukaryotes

 Fungi

yeast (Candida), mold, mushrooms

mold - ringworm, athlete's foot, histoplasmosis

Classification of Eukaryotes

 Protists

unicellular

-Trichononas vaginalis (STD)

- Giardia lambia (causes diarrhea)

-Toxoplamsosis (transmitted from cat feces to human)

-not made of cells

-not in any of three domains (not "living")

-obligate intracellular parasites (required to live with cells and harms host)

-viral "species" have similar characteristics

-have DNA or RNA, not both

- morphological characteristics

-staining
-biochemical tests

-serology

-phage typing

-DNA base composition

-DNA probes

-what it looks like

-macroscopic & microscopic

-gram staining (+/-)

- acid fast (mycobacterium)

negative staining

-used to determine which enzymes an organism has

-must have pure culture

antigen-antibody reaction

-slide agglutination

-ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)

contain DNA from a known organism

DNA strand is separated

-look to see if it hybridizes (forms base pairs with the unknown specimen, if it does, have identified specimen)

-works on mixed cultures

used to map nucleotide sequences

sometimes used to determinte the source of a nosocomial infection

A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

-may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, production of toxins, synthesis of enzymes

-can be transferred from one bacterium to another

a granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dyes

characteristic of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

collectively known as volutin

a resting structure formed inside some bacteria

ex. Clostridium and Bacillus

Pseudomonas

Serratia

Clostridium difficil

Enterococcus

Brucella

Francisella tularensis

Yersinia pestis

Bacillus antracis

Bartonella henselae

Pasturella multocida

toxoplasmosis

both caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

Scarlet fever:pinkish red skin rash and a high fever

Rheumatic fever:a period of arthritis and fever. Then subcutaneous nodules at the joints appear. In about half of the cases a rheumatic fever,   a serious heart complication develops. The body reacts to the M protein in S.  pyogenes and damages the heart valves

Salmonella enterica

Camphylobacter jejunii

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. Causes high fever &  headache, can infect the liver & spleen, some people become carriers (Typhoid Mary)

Typhus caused by Ricksettia prowozekii or Ricksettia typhi. Causes fever & rash. Transmitted by lice & fleas.

Neisseria meningiditis (gram negative dipococci)

Haemophilus influenza (gram negative coccobacilli)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram positive cocci)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

Treponema pallidum (syphillis)

Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)

Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia)

Enterobacter

-gram negative

-live everywhere

-causes UTIs

Enterococcus

gram positive cocci

live in GI tract, mouth & vagina

causes UTIs & wound infections

frequently cause nosocomial infections

certain adverse environmental conditions

(bug is not happy)

Rickettsia

Bartonella henselae

Brucella

Bordetella pertussis

Neisseria

Francisella tularensis

Pseudomonas

Legionella pneumophilia

Vibrio

Enterics

Pasturella multocida

Haemophilus

Camphylobacter jejunii

Helicobacter spp.

gram negative rods

obligate intracellular parasites

transmitted by insect bites

R. prowozekii - lice - typhus (fever & rash)

R. typhi - fleas - murine typhus

R. rickettsii - ticks - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

illnesses common in Southwest US

Cat Scratch Fever

normal flora in cat intestines

serious infection - high fever

gram negative rods

direct contact or fleas

small gram negative rods

causes Brucellosis - "undulant fever"

(undulant - comes and goes)

can become airborne

*potential for bioterrorism

Pertussis  - Whooping Cough

gram negative rods

vaccine DPT

forms a membrane in the throat

gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

N. gonorrheae - gonorrhea

N. meninginitidis - meningitis

*N. gonorrheae has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity

tularemia

transmitted by rodents - rabbits, squirrels, hamsters, etc. - bite

infect lymph nodes

can multiply in macrophages

(macrophages in tissue fluid)

difficult to treat

*potential for bioterrorism

gram negative motile rods

can grow in water, on soap, in bottle caps

can grow in refrigerator

common nosocomial infection

can produce a blue-green pigment that smells like grapes

antibiotic resistant - gentamycin

gram negative rods

Legionnaires' disease - high fever & pneumonia

reproduce in aquatic amoebae

slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

V. cholera - cholera - very watery stools with intestinal mucus - "rice water" stools - dehydration & death

V. parahemoliticus - gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs

- found in human intestines

- faculatively anaerobic gram negative rods (prefers to be aerobic, will tolerate anaerobic environment)

Escherichia coli

Salmonella entrica

Shigella

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Serratia

Proteus

Yersinia pestis

Enterobacter

inhabits mammalian interstinal tract

wound infections & UTI

E. coli O157:H7 - causes diarrhea and produces a toxin that can shut down the kidneys

-2400 serovars

-found in intestinal tracts of poultry & cattle, found in reptiles

-can get inside plants we eat

-causes bloody diarrhea

-causes typhoid fever

-high fever & headache

-can infect the liver & spleen

-some people become carriers (Typhoid Mary)

-spread from person to person

-found on fresh unwashed fruit

-causes dysentery

-can cause pneumonia

-commonly causes UTI

(bladder infection - cystitis

kidney infection - pyelonephritis)

-grows in saline

-responsible for many nosocomial infections

-many flagella

-swarming growth on media

-normal intestinal flora

-UTI & wound infections

-smells like chocolate cake

-carried by rats and fleas in the Southwest

-causes plague

Bubonic - infects lymph system, forms bubos

Septicimic - bacteria live in the blood

Pneumonic - infects lungs - 100% fatal

-weapon of bioterror

-gram negative

-live everywhere

-causes UTIs

-wound infection from cat bites

-requires IV antibiotics

-causes cellulitis

-needs chocolate (hemolyzed blood) agar to grow in the lab

-very pathogenic

-smells mousey

-found in poultry

-must be incubated at 42 degrees Celsius

-causes gastroenteritis

-high fever

Helicobacter spp.

Helicobacter pylori

Clostridium

Bacillus spp.

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus

Lactobacillus

Enterococcus

Listeria monocytogenes

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Mycobacterium

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Propionibacterium acnes

Gardnerella vaginalis

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

C. tetani - tetanus (lockjaw)

C. botulinum - botulism

C. perfringens - gas gangrene

C. difficile - antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection

gram positive rods

are everywhere

two are pathogens-

B. cereus (food poisoning)

B.antracis (anthrax)

CDC must be notified

Three types of anthrax:

-Cutaneous (skin)

-Gastrointestinal

-Pulmonary

(if not treated can lead to septicemia - death rate 100%)

*potential for bioterror

-gram positive cocci

-grows in grape-like clusters

-yellow colonies

-can grow in salty meats

-grows in ocean

-produces toxins

-MRSA (pg 422)

-causes wound infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome

gram positive cocci

-grows in chains

-two important types:

Beta hemolytic

Alpha hemolytic

form a clear zone around the colony when grown on blood agar

-Groups A-O

Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group A -

Streptococcus pyogenes

Group A

Strep. pyogenes

has M protein on surface that helps it avoid phagocytosis

causes most variety of diseases:

sore throats

scarlet fever

rheumantic fever (affects joints & heart)

impetigo

necrotizing fascitis - painful infection that can consume an inch of tissue an hour

Group B

 Streptococcus agalactiae

-causes newborn sepsis

-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

-Streptococcus mutans: causes dental caries

-Streptococcus pneumoniae: causes pneumonia & meningitis in children

-used in food production

-Lactobacillus acidophilus - yogurt

gram positive

live in GI tract, mouth & vagina

causes UTIs & wound infections

frequently cause nosocomial infections

grows in soft cheeses & deli meats

withstands refrigeration

should not be eated by pregnant women

can cause stillbirth

-lack a cell wall

-require a media with horse serum and yeast extract to grow in lab

-colonies have a "fried egg" appearance

-treated with tetracycline

-causes pneumonia

-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbol-fuchsin)

M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis

M. leprae -leprosy

affects lungs

it walls itself off and hides for years until we become weak

lifelong disease - incurable

-morphology: palisades pattern

-gram positive rods

-causes diphtheria

-has metachromatic granules

-closes off throat with membrane

-some causes of acne

-gram positive rods

-treated with tetracycline

-gram variable

-causes vaginitis

Chlamydia trachomatis

-gram negative

-causes nongonococcal urethritis

-most common STD!!!

coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

Treponema pallidum - syphilis

Borrelia spp. - Lyme disease

gram negative anaerobes

live in the intestines

cause wound infections & peritonitis

spindle shaped

live in the mouth

can cause dental abscesses