Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earth's outer layer made of solid rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left by wind or water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most abudant element in the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rock composed chiefly of silica and aluminum oxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oceanic crust is made of this |
|
|
Term
Mohorovicic discontinuity or
Moho |
|
Definition
| preposed thatd there is change in the density of the rocks within the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beneath the Moho lies the middle layer in the earth
about 1800 miles beneath the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from the Moho down to about 250 miles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends from about 650 miles to about 1800 miles beneath the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lies roughly 1800 miles beneath the surface and marks the bottom of the mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seems to be a liquid due to the intense heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought to be solid iron or nickel, kept in a solid state by pressures over 52 million pounds per square inch |
|
|
Term
lithosphere
"sphere of stone" |
|
Definition
| a region of the earth's crust and upper mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this theory was published in 1859 by a creationist, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, who had noticed not only that South America and Africe fir together but also that there were identical fossil species found on either side of the ocean basin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory of the drifting of the plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mentions a man who was named Peleg because "in his days was the earth divided" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock breats and moves due to the strain of the forces upon it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when rocks along one side of a fault sink vertically; cliffs often result from normal faults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when rocks along one side of a fault move horizontally along the fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when rocks on one side of a fault are shoved on top of the rocks on the other side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms by bending or buckling of rocks under great force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocks that bend downward during the folding process form a troughlike structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocks that buckle upward during folding form an archlike structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated laandmasses that are higher than hills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earth crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appear to form when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought to have formed when the edges of two adjacent rock layers were pushed together, causing the layers to buckle like a wrinkled rag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are thought to have formed along a fault; the rocks on one side of the fault are forced upward, while the rocks on the other side sink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earthquakes that result from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller earthquakes or tremers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain at the momentof an earthquakes, triggering vibrations in the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elaatic rebound along a strike-slip fault in western California |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which an earthquake begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point on the earth's surface directly above the focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consist of a rhythmic push-pull motion in the direction of wave travel; this motion is similar to when a spring is alternately pushed and pulled along its length
its faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consist of a rhythmic side-to-side motion that occurs at right angles to the direction of wave travel
its slower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P and S waves reach the earth's surface, they generate a third type of seismic wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| record and study the vibrations caused by earthquales using an instrument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| record produced by a seismograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| borders the Pacific Ocean and includes western North, Central, and South America, Japan, the Phillippines, New Zealand, and the islands in the South Pacific |
|
|
Term
| Modified Mercalli Scale (MM) |
|
Definition
| has twelve degrees of intensity; the lower intensities show what people feel during an earthquake, and the higher intensities are based on structural damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local magnitude scale devised by American seismologist Charles F. Richter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an opening in the earth's surface through which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through which gases, ash, and rock are ejected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solid materials ejected from a volcano often accumulate to produce a conical mountain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of volcanoes and volcano-related phenomena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
volcanoes that consist primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments
like an ant hill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volcanoes that pour out large quantities of highly fluid lava in rather mild eruptions produce a broad gently sloping volcano |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produce both cinders and lava, these are the most beautiful
produce symmetrical wide-based mountains that consist of alternating layers of lava and cinders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not necessarily flowing
a volcano has erupted within recorded history or is currently producing seismic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive volcano that could erupt again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a volcano that will probably not erupt again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more than half of the world's active volcanoes are in this belt
the most important volcanic belt--a narrow zone of active volcanoes that parallels the circum-Pacific belt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the violence of a volcano's eruption depends upon ths
of the magma and the amount of the disolved gas contained in the magma
the amount of gas factors into this as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance emitted by an active volcano it may include gases, liquids, and solids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volcanoes emit a variety of this, often producing a poisonous cloud near the vent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the molten rock that flows from volcanoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lava solidifies almost instantly and forms rounded structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of pyroclasts particles less than 2 mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form when lava is thrown high into the air in a liquid or semiliquid state and hardens into rock before it hits the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a volcano's most dangerous feature is the fierce blast of ash and superheated ______ that accompanies some volcanic eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a superheated cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels swiftly down the volcanic slope as an avalanche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some of the most dramatic surface features produced by volcanoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form when the surface of a large lava flow hardens but the lava beneath remains molten and continues to flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulges the overlying rocks upward to produce a domelike instrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| igneous intrusions similar to laccoliths but far larger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treasures, as well as more common substances such as quartz (the main ingredient of sand), iron, and halite (rock salt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of geology that deals with indentification and classification of minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest group consists of substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, unconbined elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals that contain the element sulfur-containing minerals are divided into two groups based on certain chemical properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all minerals form this, they are geometric structures that are composed of atomes or molecules and have an orderly arrangement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hardest naturally occuring substance known |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the defining property for some minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarly colored minerals can often be differentiated by scraping the crystal on a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mineral leaves a line of powder on the plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number that compares that object's density to the density of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glowing particular colors when exposed to ultraviolet light in a darkened room |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light and then placed in the dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an instrument that detects radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are some of the most important minerals extracted from the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any mineral that contains a vaulable metallic element
ex.-hematite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most abudant metal in the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second most common metal in the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metal that is a good conductor of electricity and is easy to shape into thin strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rarest, most durable and most beautiful minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the hard material that makes up the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form from solidified magma
ex.-basal/granite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form from sediments cemented together by water, pressure, and chemical action
ex.-sandstone, coal, something with fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
result when igneous or sedimentary rocks are "cooked" by intense heat and pressure
ex.-marble and slate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"without form"
magma cools very rapidly, no crystals form, and the rock is _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magma that contains dissolved gases that "fizz" when the gases begin to escape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is used to describe the change of rock into a new type of rock
changes shape under heat pressure. ice wedging, plants can cause cracking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which rocks are broken down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of large rocks into fragments by physical forces, such as ice, rapid changes in temperature, and grit carried by wind and running water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when rain-water or melted ice soaks into tiny cracks in a rock and freezes; the sudden expansion of the ice as it freezes can split the rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the main agent of this is water
process of causing rock to crumble, and minerals to weaken and dissolve away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a weak acid produced when carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rain or groundwater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biggest factor is water
once rocks have undergone weathering, physical processes like wind or running water may carry away the rock fragments by this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of erosion often begins with _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stripping away a thin sheet of topsoil from the surface of the land in this process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the running water may eventually care a channel in the ground that cannot be repaired by ordinary cultivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a ravine cuts down to the water table, it will become this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a short time, the gully becomes a _______ that fills with widly flowing water during rainstorms but quickly dries up in clear weather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large streams that carry water from the mountains to the sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| material carried by a stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the river sediments are said to be ______, or arranged into layers according to their size
when can tell how fast is flowed even after its gone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of all the streams that merge and flow toward the sea as a large river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
region of land drained by a river system
also known as watershed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two adjoining drainage basins are seperated by this usuallly by a high ridge
seperates drainage basins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| numerous streams continue to fed into the river at various points along its course, increasing the amount of water that it carries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the level or nearly level land that borders a river and is covered by river water in flood time
helps distribute sediments
they are fertile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constantly changing form and position as the river deposits sediment on the inside of each curve and erodes sediment on the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a meander is bypassed and becomes cutoff from the rest of the river, it forms a crescent-shaped body of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a large river reaches the ocean, it deposits a load of sediment, often forming this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediments are left on the plain in a deltalike deposit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, iciclelike mass of calcium carbonate
hangs on tight to the ceiling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water dripping from the ceiling may produce a cone-shaped _______
might trip over them on the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the stalactite and stalagmite join |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
at the surface, funnel-shaped depression in the ground
Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, and Kentucky have the highest occurences of these in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continually change the shape of the shoreline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gently sloping coasts covered by sand or pebbles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large narrow, sandy islands that lie off the coast of the mainland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body of water lying between the barrier island and the coast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high ridges of rock and land that project out into the sea along deep water shorelines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indentations which are often exposed at low tide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick ice sheet that slowly moves under its own weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vast sheets of glacial ice that covers immense areas of relatively flat land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ice that slowly flow down from mountainous region into valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a valley glacier slowly scoops out a huge bowl-shaped depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sharp ridge that divides two cirques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when three or more cirques cut into a mountain peak, they transform it into a sharp, steeple-shaped point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large hard rocks pushed along by the glacier produce deep grooves and scratches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not sorted according to size, but consists of a mixture of fragments ranging from tiny particles to huge boulders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of till left by a retreating glacier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a glacier advances again in the winter, it may overrun its old moraines, smoothing the till into low hills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large holes left from the melting of huge chunks of glacial ice lodged in till or outwash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a kettle fills with water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this period of widespread glaciation is commonly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feautures such as sandstone arches and uniquely shaped rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a particle is fine the wind can lift it and transport it over long distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry coarse sand particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sand removed by deflation may be carried elsewhere to form this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wind erosion in rocky, desert regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which gravity causes the downslope movements of rock, soil, volcanic ash, snow, or ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most widespread form of slow mass wasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid movements of loose, water-saturated soil, the most fluid and fastest type of mass wasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mass of ice and snow abruptly dislodging from a mountain face forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden slides of huge masses of rock or soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more gradual, but still hazardous form of mass wasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends upon a Creator, the all-powerful and all-wise God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified form of evolution that attempts to reconcile the Bible and evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolution and creation are both accepted by ______ |
|
|
