__________ research uses data and statistics to identify a causal process.
Definition
Quantitative
Term
A hypothesis suggests that an increase in food insecurity leads to a decrease in voter participation. This is an example of a ___________.
Definition
negative relationship
Term
A __________ is a representation of all or part of a social system.
Definition
Model
Term
______________ tests theoretical concepts and patterns using empirical data. This approach, also called theory testing, starts with theory and uses observations to test the theory.
Definition
Deductive research
Term
__________ research uses qualitative description or quantitative data and statistics to describe social phenomena, but does not try to identify a causal process.
Definition
Descriptive
Term
A hypothesis suggests that an increase in rates of police violence leads to a decrease in the community’s trust in the police. This is an example of a ___________.
Definition
directional hypothesis
Term
The goal of most quantitative scientific research is _____________.
Definition
to explain a causal process
Term
Activities require IRB review if they involve _______ and meet the definition of _________.
Definition
human subjects, research
Term
What types of activities does the IRB review?
Definition
Biomedical and human-subjects research
Term
Which of the following pieces of information should be included on a consent form?
Definition
A description of the risks and benefits of the study
A general description of the purpose of the study
All of these
Confidentiality procedures
Names of the principal investigators and their institution
Term
A professor wants to conduct a survey of her students to determine which course concepts they understand the most and the least. What level of review would this study undergo at the IRB?
Definition
Exempt from review
Term
The principle of _________ states that research should minimize risks and maximize benefits to participants.
Definition
Beneficence
Term
If a study collects personally identifiable information, it should _________.
Definition
have procedures in place for protecting this information
Term
The Tuskegee Syphilis study resulted in the creation of the __________ establishing ethical principles and guidelines for research with humans.
Definition
Belmont Report
Term
Which of the following can be used to figure out whether X causes Y or whether Y causes X?
Definition
Certain statistical methods
Time order effects
All of these
Theory and logic
Term
Which of the following criteria CANNOT be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a concept in social science research?
Definition
Novelty
Term
_______________ is the difference between the true value of an object and the observed value.
Definition
Measurement error
Term
Which of the following are examples of nominal variables? Select all that apply.
Definition
Religion
Race
Term
A relationship between two variables is called a __________.
Definition
bivariate relationship
Term
____________ occurs when participants who received the placebo believed they actually received the treatment.
Definition
Placebo effect
Term
True or false: Experiments using random assignment tend to be the strongest research design for identifying a cause and effect relationship.
Definition
true
Term
A laboratory experiment has greater potential for _____________, but lower potential for _____________.
Definition
internal validity, external validity
Term
Which of the following is true about randomization?
Definition
Randomization guarantees that the treatment is the only meaningful difference between the treatment and control groups, given a large enough sample size.
Randomization does not guarantee that the treatment group and the control group will be balanced on certain characteristics.
All of these.
Randomization is a tool used to assess causality
Term
A field experiment has greater potential for _____________, but lower potential for _____________.
Definition
external validity, internal validity
Term
If some participants in the control group end up receiving access to the treatment, then which of the following is true?
Definition
The control group has been contaminated.
Term
In a well-designed experiment, participants in the treatment group __________.
Definition
do not know that they received the treatment
Term
A researcher sent fake resumes in response to several real job advertisements. The resumes randomly varied whether the applicant was over 60 years old or under 40 years old to study whether age affects the likelihood of being called in for an interview. This is an example of ____________.
Definition
a field experiment
Term
_____________ refers to the extent to which a measure captures the concept that it is intended to represent.
Definition
Validity
Term
A spurious relationship can appear if ____________ variable first affects both X and Y, but the variable is not accounted for in our statistical model.
Definition
a causally prior
Term
_________ variables are variables that we think might be related to both X and Y, either as causally prior variables or intervening variables, so we include them in our multivariate analyses.
