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| relating to the genes, the genetic construction of an organism |
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| how an organism looks, behaves or functions |
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| location of a gene on a chromosome |
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| an organism with two copies of each gene (one on each member of a chromosome pair) |
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| having two identical alleles at a given locus |
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| having two different alleles at a given locus |
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| a form of a gene, many can exist |
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| structures made of DNA and proteins, contain all the genetic information for an organism, reside in the nucleus of a cell |
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| 23 pairs, 22 autosomal & 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
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| female sex genotype in humans |
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| male sex genotype in humans |
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| produces gametes (reproduction cells) |
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| haploid (one set of chromosomes), four gametes are produced from the division of one diploid cell. |
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| four stages: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anahapse I and Telophase I |
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| four steps: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II |
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| first step of meiosis I, chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus forms, homologous chromosomes align in pairs |
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| exchange of genetic material |
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| second stage of meiosis, chromosomes line up in pairs at the metaphase plate, a spindle fiber attaches to each chromosome |
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| homologous chromosomes are separated & move to opposite sides of the cell |
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| nuclear membranes form and the cell starts dividing, chromosomes begin to uncoil |
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| chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms |
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| chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach to chromatioids |
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| chromatoids are pulled apart & chromosomes divide |
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| chromosomes gather into nuclei, cells divide and chromosomes uncoil. |
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| used to start an experiment |
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| result of crossing 2 different, true-breeding parents |
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| created by self-breeding the F1 generation |
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| parents differ in one characteristic |
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| parents differ in 2 characteristics |
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| masks a recessive allele in a heterozygote (Tt) |
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| observable only in a homozygote (tt) |
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| Law of Independent Segregation - for any given locus, two alleles will separate into separate gametes, so equal numbers of gametes will carry each allele |
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| Law of Independent Assortment - loci on separate chromosomes assort independently of one another in the production of gametes |
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| traits located on X chromosomes - a recessive gene will always be expressed in men because they have only one X chromosome |
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| when a gene can alter the effect of a second gene, often masking or preventing its expression |
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| when a gene affects more than a single phenotype - |
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| when both alleles are expressed |
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| when the dominant allele only partially masks the recessive allele (if you crossed a plant with red flowers and a plant with white, you'd get pink) |
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| the proportion of individuals with a given genotype that express the expected phenotype |
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| mistakes made during DNA replication. In order to be inherited, mutations must occur in sex cells |
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| result of an insertion or deletion of bases |
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Definition
| does not result in an amino acid substitution |
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| results in an amino acid substitution |
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| changes original codon to a stop codon, resulting in protein being cut short |
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| when a large chunk of chromosome is removed, flipped (inverted) and replaced |
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| The frequency or proportion, from 0 to 1, of the different alleles at the same locus |
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| The frequency or proportion, from 0 to 1, of the different genotypes in a population. |
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| The collection of all the different alleles at all loci from a population. |
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| Evolution (from a genetic perspective) |
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| changes over time in allelic frequencies in a population. |
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| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
| a population where evolution does not occur. Assumes a large population size, non-overlapping generations, random mating, no mutation, no migration or gene flow, and no natural selection |
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