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| an evidence of evolution, that species changed over time and have existed for millions of years |
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| an evidence of evolution, when two species share features as a result of a common ancestor |
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| evidence that evolution is still occuring - finches observed by Darwin |
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| descent with modification |
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| 3 factors that cause evolution |
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Definition
| mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection |
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| contributing the most genes to the gene pool |
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| alleles increasing and decreasing at random |
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| organisms with characteristics most suited to the environment are most likely to survive and reproduce |
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| when two related groups of organisms accumulate differences so they become more and more unlike each other |
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| when two species evolve INDEPENDENTLY the same trait |
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| When two species evolve in response to one another. |
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| stabilizing natural selection |
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| eliminates animals at both extremes of the distribution |
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| directional natural selection |
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| eliminates animals at one extreme of the distribution |
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| disruptive natural selection |
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| eliminates animals in the middle of the distribution |
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| the process or state that makes an organism better suited to its environment, so that it can live and reproduce successfully in it. |
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| the process by which new species form |
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| When two new species form isolated by a geographical barrier |
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| When two new species form isolated without geographic isolation. |
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| when one ancestor gives rise to a group of closely related species that evolve to exploit different habitats |
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Term
| taxonomic classifications |
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Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Definition
| the describing and naming of all life on earth |
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| determined based on comparative anatomy, comparative development, and molecular genetics |
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| the same because of common descent |
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| might fill similar functions and look similar but evolved separately |
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Term
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Definition
Prokaryotes
A single kingdom, Eubacteria
Circular chromosomes
No nucleus
No membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Definition
Prokaryotes
A single kingdom, Archeobacteria
Circular chromosomes
No nucleus or organelles
Often live in extreme environments (e.g. extremely hot conditions)
Unique cell walls |
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Definition
Eukaryotes
Linear DNA
Nucleus
Membrane-enclosed organelles
Four kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia |
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Definition
Simple organisms, often unicellular
Arose from prokaryotes |
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Definition
Multicelular
Photosynthetic
Autotrophic
Their life cycle involves alternation of generations: gametophyte (haploid), and sporophyte (diploid)
Arose from green algae
Twelve living phyla |
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Definition
Most often multicellular
Heterotrophic (can’t produce their own food) – they obtain nutrients through direct absorption.
Reproduce through spores
Four phyla |
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| fungi that live in some plants’ roots and help in the absorption of water and minerals. |
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Definition
| lichens are a tight association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. They can survive in some of the harshest environments on Earth. |
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Definition
Multicellular
Heterotrophic |
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Definition
Sessile [not moving]
No symmetric body plan
No cell layers
Colonies of unicellular flagellated organisms
Filter feeders |
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Term
| Phylum Cnidaria: cnidarians |
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Definition
Radial symmetry [think of “radius”, a circular body plan like a starfish]
Two cell layers (endoderm, ectoderm)
Trap pray using tentacles bearing nematocysts (what makes a jellyfish sting)
Most representative: jellyfish, coral. |
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| Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms |
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Definition
Bilateral symmetry [“two-sided”, where each side is a mirror image of each other, like humans]
Three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Most representative: tapeworms |
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| Phylum Molluska: mollusks |
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Definition
Bilateral symmetry
Three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Complete digestive tract
Circulatory system with simple heart
Move with a muscular structure called a foot
Possess a radula: rasping tongue
Secrete a hard shell
Most representative: squid, oysters |
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| Phylum Annelida: segmented worms |
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Definition
Bilateral symmetry
Three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Ringed, segmented body
Complete digestive tract
Closed circulatory system
Most representative: earthworms |
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| Phylum Arthropoda: arthropods |
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Definition
Bilateral symmetry
Three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Segmented body, where different segments are specialized (e.g. insects have three body segments, head, thorax, and abdomen)
Hard exoskeleton (the outside of the body) made of chitin (like your nails!)
Open circulatory system
Complete digestive tract
Most representative: insects, spiders, crustaceans… the most diverse animal phylum!! |
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| Phylum Echinodermata: echinoderms |
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Definition
Radial symmetry
Three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Endoskeleton that secretes a spiny skin
Simple nervous system
Most representative: starfish |
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| Phylum Chordata: chordates |
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Definition
Bilateral symmetry
Three cell layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Closed circulatory system
Complex nervous system
Notochord: tubular rod of tissue along the back. |
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| Class Agnatha: jawless fish |
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Definition
Breath through gills
Reproduce by laying eggs
Ectothermic: cold-blooded
Most distinctive characteristic: obviously, they have no jaws.
Most representative: lampreys. |
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| Class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fish |
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Definition
Breath through gills
Reproduce by laying eggs
Ectothermic: cold blooded
Most distinctive characteristic: skeleton made of cartilage, jaws evolve.
Most representative: sharks |
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| Class Osteichtyes: bony fish |
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Definition
Breath through gills
Reproduce by laying eggs
Ectothermic: cold blooded
Most distinctive characteristic: skeleton made of bone.
Most representative: salmon, cod, or practically any fish that might make it to your plate. |
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| Class Amphibia: amphibians |
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Definition
Breath through gills, lungs or even through skin
Reproduce by laying eggs
Ectothermic: cold blooded
Most distinctive characteristic: The first group to be able to live on dry land; yet they are tightly bound to water. Also, they undergo metamorphosis: the young most often live in the water and look different than the land-dwelling adults
Most representative: frogs |
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| Class Reptilia: reptilians |
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Definition
Breath through lungs
Ectothermic: cold blooded
Most distinctive characteristic: The group that made the full transition to life on land. Their scaly skin allows them to preserve water, and their eggs with a hard shell and amniotic sac allows for development away from water.
Most representative: lizards, turtles |
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Definition
Breath through lungs
Endothermic: warm blooded
Lay eggs with a hard shell
Most distinctive characteristic: Feathered, capable of flight
Most representative: pigeons, eagles, fowl… |
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Definition
Endothermic: warm blooded
Most distinctive characteristic: the mother can provide most everything for her young: with few exceptions, embryos develop within the body of their mother and receive nourishment from their mother’s milk glands
Most representative: you!! And off course dogs, dolphins, mice, etc. |
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