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| a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed and share a common gene pool. |
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| comprised of different populations, separate populations of the same species can interbreed |
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| exponential population growth |
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| happens when good things are unlimited and bad things are nonexistent |
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| when a population stops growing, i.e. when the birth & death rates are equal |
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| the lifestyle of a population, e.g. types of food eaten, preferred temperature, etc. |
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| a collection of interacting populations |
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| happens when populations overlap in a niche. Eventually stops through either takeover by one species or by both slightly changing their niches |
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| when one organism feeds on another. population sizes of predators and prey are synced. |
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| a close and intimate relationship between two different species |
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| symbiosis where both species benefit from the relationship |
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| symbiosis where one species benefits and the other does not suffer but does not benefit |
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| symbiosis where one species benefits and the other suffers |
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| gradual change of the species composition in a community. earlier settlers change conditions so new species can arrive. Final species to arrive is called climax community. |
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| the sum of all the communities and abiotic factors in a specific area, includes different species that fill specific roles, involves energy flow, and includes abiotic factors that are cycled between organisms and the environment in nutrient cycles. |
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| light, heat, oxygen, carbon, and so on. |
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| take light from the sun and turn it into nutrients |
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| eat other species for energy |
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| feed off of waste or dead matter |
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| each level in a food chain |
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| feed on primary consumers |
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| feed on secondary consumers |
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| occurs between trophic levels, only about 10% of energy is transferred up |
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Definition
| rain falling drops water to the ground, where it is then absorbed, drunk, or drained into bodies of water. It then evaporates and returns to the atmosphere. |
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Definition
Plants absorb carbon dioxide, or CO2, from the air and turn it into nutrients and plant tissues through the process of photosynthesis.
Animals eat the plants and use the carbon to make their own tissues.
Waste products in animal respiration release CO2 back into the air.
When animals die, their decaying bodies release carbon into the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria in the soil and roots of certain plants fix nitrogen from the environment
Plants take the nitrates and ammonium in the environment and turn them into plant tissues.
Animals eat the plants and use the nitrogenous compounds to make their own tissues.
Decaying animal and plant tissues release ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is also released into the environment as a waste product of animal digestion.
Nitrifying bacteria break down ammonia into the nitrates that plants can use
Denitrifying bacteria break down ammonia into N2 that is released into the air. |
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Term
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Definition
Most phosphate (PO43-) makes its way from rocks into the soil through erosion.
From the soil, phosphate makes its way to lakes and rivers and eventually, into oceans.
plants uptake nutrients from the soil and use phosphorus for things like energy storage
Animals "drink" water or eat plants, and thereby ingest phosphorus so that they can make lipids, DNA, RNA, and ATP.
Through waste removal and decomposition, phosphorus re-enters the soil. |
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| major types of ecosystems that differ from one another largely by the types of dominant vegetation each contains. |
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| an arctic/high mountain ecosystem consisting of of a cold, wet environment with frozen soil, only a few plants and animals live here |
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| in low elevations on temperate zone mountains, characterized by long winters and short summers, contain evergreen forests and few animals |
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| Temperate deciduous forest |
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Definition
| exists in Eastern North America, Eastern Asia, and parts of Western Europe, pronounced seasons with lots of rain, contains deciduous plant species and lots of animals |
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| exist throughout the world, relatively dry with hot summers and cold winters, plant life includes diverse perennial grass species, sedges, and forbs. |
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| exist throughout the world, very dry, lots of rodents and reptiles |
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| primarily in central and south America, hot, lots of rain, impoverished soil, very diverse plants & animals |
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Definition
ittoral zone, or coastal zones.
Benthic zone, or the ocean floor where light still penetrates.
Pelagic zone, or the column of water above the ocean floor.
Abyssal zone, or the ocean floor below the depth of sunlight penetration. |
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| Biodiversity/biological diversity |
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| collection and distribution of all the genes, species, and ecosystems in a given area |
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| global diversity gradient |
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| biodiversity increases from the poles toward the Equator |
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| As altitude increases, biodiversity decreases. |
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| natural processes that produce good stuff for consumption or use by people |
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| the study of biodiversity and how to preserve it |
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| species-area relationship |
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Definition
| area size & species number are positively correlated |
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