Term
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Definition
proton= +1
neutron= 0
electron= -1
atom=netrual charge |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons in the lowest available energy level |
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Term
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Definition
| when an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move to a higher energy level |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms of one element that cary only in the number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| radioisotopes emit particles and decay at this rate. it allows to estimate the age of Earth/fossils |
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Term
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Definition
radioisotopes
(ex-carbon 14) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is RELEASED when a bond is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons are transferred |
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Term
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Definition
| an atom that gains electrons, negative ion |
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Term
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Definition
| atom that loses electrons, postive ion |
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Term
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Definition
forms when atoms share electrons
forming structure-->molecule |
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Term
| intermolecular attractions |
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Definition
| individual molecules attract in these ways... |
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Term
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Definition
Unbalanced
Dissolve in water |
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Term
Nonpolar
Nonpolar molecules |
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Definition
Balanced
Not dissolve in water
weakest attractions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| assymetrical, very polar, high specific heat, high heat of vaporation, universal solvent, high coadhesion properties, cohesion tension, ice floats because it is less dense than water |
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Term
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Definition
measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution... H+ ions
less than 7-acidic
above 7-basic, alkaline |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that resist change pH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
carbon,hydrogen,oxygen
quick energy |
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Term
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Definition
| C6H1206, glucose galactose fructose (isomers of eachother) |
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Term
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Definition
| same molecular formula but with differenct structure |
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Term
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Definition
| two monosaccharides joinbed by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down of a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers of carbohydrates |
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Term
| Polysaccharides in Plants |
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Definition
Cellulose-make up cell walls
Starch-the way sugar is sotred |
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Term
| Polysaccharides in Animals |
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Definition
Chitin-makes up exoskeleton in anthropods
Glycogen-"Animal Starch" stored in the liver and skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
fats, oils, waxes
glycerol-alcohol
energy storage, structural (phospholipds-part of cell membrane), endocrine (some lipids are hormones
fatty acid-hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end |
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Term
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats |
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Definition
Solid at room temperature. Single bonds between carbon atoms
liquid at room temperature. at least one double bond between carbon atoms. fewer hydrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating amino acids joined by peptide bonds. carboxyl group. amino group. variable (R) |
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Term
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Definition
Primary-sequnce of amino acids that make up protein chain
Secondary- hydrogen bonding within molecules (helical)
Tertiary- 3D, determines its fuction
Quaternary-proteins that consist of more than one polupeptide chain |
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Term
Nucleic Acid
Purines/Pyrimidines |
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Definition
made of polymers (Nucleotides)
phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
Adenine Guanine purines
Cytosine Thymine Uracil pyrimidines |
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Term
|
Definition
large proteins, speed up rxn by lowering the rate of activation
enzymes work on substrates
substrate enzyme avtive site
denatured-affected by temp and pH |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that cause brain diseases |
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Term
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Definition
all living things are composed of cells
cells are the basic unit of all organisms
all cells arise from preexisting cells |
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Term
| Difference between animal and plant cells |
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Definition
Animals-lysosome, plasma membrane only, small vacuoles, no chloroplasts, centrioles, centrosomes
Plant cells- no centrioles or centrosomes, chloroplasts and plastids, large vacuoules, cell walls and plasma membrane, no lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance being dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| greater concentration of solute than other solution |
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Term
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Definition
| lower concentration of solute than another solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| never requires energy , diffusion or osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentrati |
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Term
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Definition
| uses special protein channels for substances to pass thru |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules moving against a gradient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| engulfs large particles by pseudopods |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| enables cells to take up larhe quantities of very specific substances |
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Term
| phase contrast microscope |
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Definition
| light microscope that enhances contrast |
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Term
| Transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| use beam of electrons instead of light |
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Term
| Scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| study the surface of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| isolate parts of the cells by seperating into layers but density |
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Term
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Definition
2n->2n
->2n
Division of the nucleus, pmat |
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Term
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Definition
2n->n
->n
Four different daughter cells (meiosis 1 and 2) |
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Term
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Definition
| g2 g3 (interphase), mitosis, cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| division of cytoplasm, cleavage furrow (animal) cell plate (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| 6c02+12H2O-->C6H12O6+ 6H2O + 6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| absorb light energy and use out to carry photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| in the grana, photophosphorylation, photolysis-water rips apart to provide electrons |
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Term
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Definition
calvin cycle, produce sugar, carbon is taken thru the stomates combines with hydrogen carried from the NADP of the light rxn
carbon dioxide and sugar-carbon fixation |
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Term
|
Definition
palisade layer-tightly packed cells that contain chloroplasts
spongy mesophyll- chloroplasts, chlorophyll
epidermis-outer layer, clear, does not carry out photosynthesis
Cutin-water proof layer above the epidermis to minimize water loss
guard cells-control opening and closing of stomates
stomates-allow for gass exhange and minimum water loss |
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Term
|
Definition
modification for dry environments
minimum water loss and mazimize sugar production |
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Term
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Definition
crassulaceean acid metabolism
adaption for dry condidtions. keep stomates closed during day and open at night |
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Term
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Definition
| series of ixidative rxn in which cells release engergy from clucose and transfer it into molecules of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
adenosine triphosphate
high energy molecules, immediate use |
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Term
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Definition
| glycolosis, alcohol or lactic acid fermantation. no free oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolosis into ehtyl alcohol and carbon dioxide with the absence of oxygen. does not produce any ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the body cannot keep up with the increased demand for oxygen in skeletal muscles during exercise. glycolysis converts to lactic acid and builds up in muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| one mulecule of glucose breaks into two pyruvate. cytoplasm. controlled by enzyme. two ATP supply energy of activation. 2 ATP produced |
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Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| enzyme tranfers phosphate group to ADP. glycolysis |
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Term
| Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) |
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Definition
| pyruvic acids combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coA. matrix of mitochondria. each turn of the cycle produces one molecule of ATP and FADH2 plus 3 molecules of NADH. net 2 ATP produced |
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Term
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Definition
| coenzymes that take protons or electrons from glycolysis and krebs cycle to the elctron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
pumps protons across cristae membrane of mitochondria in order to create a proton gradient. net 32 ATP produced
oxidative phosphorylation- that gradient will power phosphorylation of ADP to ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| in a redox rxn one atom gains electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| in a redox rxn the atom that loses electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
father of genetics
bred garden peas to study patterns of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| two organisms homozygous (pure) for two oposing traits are crossed and the offspring will be hybrid. but will show only the dominant trait |
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Term
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Definition
| during formation of gametes the two traits are carried by each parent seperate |
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Term
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Definition
cross between two organismst are are each hybrid for a singls trait
phenotype-what it looks like. 3 tall 1 short.
genotype-type of genes25% homozygous dominant to 50% heterozygous to 25% homozygous recessive (1:2:1) |
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Term
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Definition
| way to test if it is homozygous dominant or heterozygous |
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Term
| Law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| a cross between two individuals that are hybrid for two traits on seperate chromosomes. the genes for one trait are not inherited along with the genes for another trait |
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Term
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Definition
single celled prokaryotes
no internal membrane
many are pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
unicellular
prokaryotic
methanogens (obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen)
halophiles (thrive in areas w/ high concentration of salts)
thermophiles (thrive in areas w/ high temperatures) |
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Term
|
Definition
all have a nucleus and internal organelles
includes:protista,fungi, plantae, animalia |
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Term
|
Definition
eukaryotes
unicellular
ex)amoeba, paramecium, algae (photosynthetic)
heterotrophs and autotrophs
primative form of sexual reproduction is conjugation |
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Term
|
Definition
emoeba-pseudopods
paramecium-celia
euglena-flagellum |
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Term
|
Definition
heterotrophic eukaryotes
saprobes (obtain food from decaying organic matter)
cell walls are made up of chitin
budding, spore formation,fragmentation |
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Term
|
Definition
multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes
cell walls made of cellulose
photosynthesis
reproduce sexually-gametophytes (n) sporophyte (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
| heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes, most reproduce sexually (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of tissues that work together to perform a related function |
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Term
|
Definition
Ectoderm-outermost layer-->skin nercous system (nerval cord, brain)
endoderm-innermost layer (viscera(guts) digestive track)
mesoderm-middle layer, becomes blood muscles and bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| porifera and cnidarians have a ectoderm endoderm and a mesoglea which holds the two layers together |
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Term
|
Definition
| more complex animal phyla that have three true cell layers |
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Term
|
Definition
fluid filled cavity surrounded by mesoderm tissue
primative animals- flatworms that do not have coelom and are known as acoelomates
nematodes or roundworms are called pseudocoelomates (have a fluid filled tube betewen endoderm and mesoderm) |
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Term
|
Definition
Sponges
no symmetry no organs no nervous system
flagellated cells that move water into the animal thru pores (0 gut openings) |
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Term
|
Definition
Hydra and Jellyfish (also called coelenterates)
radial symmetry
gastrovascular cavity-where digestion occurs
intracellular digestion-lysosomes
stinging cells-cnidocytes
stingers-nematocysts
only endoderm and ectoderm
do not need circulatory or respiratory systems |
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Term
|
Definition
Flatworms, and Tapeworms
simplest form of bilateral symmetry
1 opening
acoelmate
exchange nutrients and wastes by diffusion with the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
roundworms
unsegmented worms w. bilateral symmetry
little sensory apparatus
3 germ layers
pseudocoelmate |
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Term
|
Definition
segmented worms (earthworms, leeches)
billateral symmetry
digestive tract has two openings
coelomate, 3 germ layers
hermaphrodites
nephrdia-excretion of urea
closed circulatory system |
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Term
| Hormones produced by the Anterior pituatary- (tropic hormones) |
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Definition
Growth Hormone (GH)-growth of bones
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)-stimulates ovaries and testes
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulates thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)-stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Follical Stimulating hormone (FSH)- stimulates gonads to produce sperm and ova |
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Term
| Hormones posterior pituatary gland- |
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Definition
| Oxytocin- stimulates contractions of the uterus and mammary glands |
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Term
| Hormones produced by the thyroid- |
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Definition
thyroxin- controls metabolic rate
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels |
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Term
| hormones produced by the parathyroid gland- |
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Definition
| Parathormone (PTH)- raises blood calcium levels |
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Term
| hormones produced by the adrenal cortex- |
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Definition
glucocorticoids-raises blood sugar level (glucose)
mineralcorticoids-increases absorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ (ex-aldosterone) |
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Term
| hormones produced by the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
epinephrine (adrenaline)-raises blood sugar level by increasing rate of glycogen break down by the liver
nonrepinephrine (noradrenalin) |
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Term
| hormones produced by the pancreas |
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Definition
insulin-lowers blood glucose levels
glucagon-raises blood glucose levels |
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Term
| hormones produced by the thymus- |
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Definition
| thymosin-stimulates T lymphocytes as a part of immune response |
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Term
| hormones produced by the pineal gland |
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Definition
| melatonin-involved in biorhythms, circadian rythms |
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Term
| hormones produced by the ovaries |
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Definition
estrogen- stimulate unterine lining. promotes primary and secondary characteristics of females
progesterone-promote uterine lining growth, menstrual cycle, pregnancy |
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Term
| hormones produced by the testes |
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Definition
testosterone- spermatogenisis, secondary sex characteristics,
androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal reccesive- not able to break down amino acid phenylalanine, it requires elimination of that from the diet or else serious mental issues will result |
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Term
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Definition
autosomal reccesive
buildup of extracellular fluid in the lungs, digestive tract, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal recessive- lipid build up in the brain. limits function-results in seizures blindness and early death |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal dominant-degenerates nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| sex linked recessive- caused by the absenceof one or more proteins needed for blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
(chromosomal) trisomy-21
facial features, mental retardation.. |
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Term
|
Definition
XXY
have male genitals, testes small, men are sterile |
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