Term
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Definition
affects biological tissue by changing energy levels in tissue molecules, usually while producting heat.
Affected tissue cannot effectively remove heat through blood movement.
Effect dependent on wavelength |
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Term
| Sources of non-ionizing radiation |
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Definition
| sun, fires, microwaves, radio transmission, atomic reactors, lamps, lasers |
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Term
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Definition
wavelength= 1mm to 10 m
frequency= 30MHz to 300 GHz |
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Term
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Definition
| communications, navigation, medical diathermy, microwave overs, drying equip. |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbed radiation is converted to heat, deep tissue heating may cause damage before one senses it. |
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Term
| What do microwaves do, and what is it a function of? |
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Definition
| Cumulative effect on lens of eye (Cataracts).Developement= function of frequency, power density, exposure duration, and interval between exposures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limit intensity, limit duration, distance, shielding, warning signs/protected access, lockout/tagout during maintenance, PPE, grounding |
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Term
| UV-A,B,C radiation wavelengths |
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Definition
A 315-400 nm
B 280-315
C 200-280 |
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Term
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Definition
| Sun, heliarc welding, Me/Xe discharge lamps, lasers, full spectrum fluorescent lamps |
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Term
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Definition
| skin burns (erythema), 300 nm waves, skin cancer, keratitis |
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Term
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Definition
| limit exposure, limit selective wavelengths, absorbing materials |
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Term
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Definition
| limit exposure, limit selective wavelengths, absorbing materials |
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Term
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Definition
| limit exposure, limit selective wavelengths, absorbing materials |
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Term
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Definition
| most radiative heat transfer involves this region. sources = fire/open flames, stoves, electrical heating elements, certain lasers |
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Term
| infrared radiation hazards |
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Definition
passes through lens of eye to retina and is refracted to other tissues.
scotoma=loss of vision in a portion of the visual field resulting from damage to retina
reddening, sweeling, hemorrhaging, and lesions
extended exposures can cause cataracts |
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Term
| infrared radiation controls |
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Definition
| limit duration (don't look into IR sources), limit intensity, protective eyewear to absorb and reduce the amount of IR reaching eye |
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Term
| high intensity visible light |
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Definition
| 380-750 nm, passes through cornea/lens and focuses on retina |
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Term
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Definition
| natural sunlight, arti. light sources, welding, carbon arc lamps, some lasers |
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Term
| HI visible light controls |
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Definition
| limit intensity, enclose source, shielding, filtering/PPE |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| amplifies sound by 2.5 dB |
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Term
| tympanic membrane (when human ear begins to detect sound and most tolerable displacement) |
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Definition
human ear begins to detect sound at .1A.
most tolerable displacement=.1mm |
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Term
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Definition
function as a lever system by concerting the resonant vibrations of the tympanic membrane into movements of the stapes against the perilymph-filled scale vestibuli of the cochlea.
increases sound pressure that arrives at oval window, multiplies force by 1.3 times |
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Term
| ossicles and sound energy |
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Definition
| losses of sound energy from resistance, frequencies <3000 Hz 60% of sound energy that hits tympanic membrane is transmitted to fluid in cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| loud sounds initiate a reflex contraction of these muscles, to prevent strong waves from causing extended stimulation |
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Term
| tympanic reflex (numerical data) |
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Definition
activated by noise >90dB
Reaction time = 40-160ms (doesn't protect against gunshot)
impact noise >140dB causes immediate/irreversible hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| single tones vibrate BM at a location along its 3.5 cm length (characteristic frequency) - high fre. at proximal end of cochlea, low at distal end. |
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Term
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Definition
basical membrane- vibrations stimulate 12000 hair cells distributed along length of cochlea
hair cells are the electromechhanical transducers of sound energy |
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Term
| what is a eustachean tube? |
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Definition
supplies or removes air from middle ear in response to slow changes in barometric pressure.
altitude changes make pressure increase rapidly, forming partial vacuum in middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
sensation produced when longitudinal pressure waves hit the tympanic membrane
speed increases as function of T and altitude |
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Term
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Definition
amplitude of wave reflects loudness
frequency reflects pitch |
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Term
| compression and rarefaction |
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Definition
compression=top of wave
rarefaction=bottom of wave |
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Term
| what is the human frequency hearing range? |
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Definition
20-20,000 Hz (cycles/sec)
1000-4000 Hz most sensitive |
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Term
| What is the soudn pressure range? |
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Definition
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Term
| pain threshold range for hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Sound Power Level (PWL)) measured in watts? |
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Definition
energy radiated from a sound source
PWL=10log,base10,(W/Wref) dB |
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Term
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Definition
SPL=10log(base 10) (p/pref)^2 dB
pref = .00002 Pa |
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Term
| what is sound pressure level? |
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Definition
| SPL. the pressure changes arriving at some location |
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Term
| what is sound intensity level? (IL) |
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Definition
| avg rate at which sound energy moves through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation |
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Term
| sound intensity level equation? |
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Definition
IL = 10log,base10, (I/Iref) dB
Iref = 10^-12 W/m^2 |
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Term
| what are some health effects of noise? |
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Definition
hinder performing at max ability and efficiency
deprive enjoying free time to fullest
sleep disruption
result in increased nervous tension
damage to audio sensory mechanism |
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Term
| what are some health effects of noise? |
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Definition
hinder performing at max ability and efficiency
deprive enjoying free time to fullest
sleep disruption
result in increased nervous tension
damage to audio sensory mechanism
communication effects
reduced learning
startle response
social effects |
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Term
| physiological reactions of noisy environments? |
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Definition
| circulatory problems, heart disease, ulcers, increased BP, decreased birthweight, vertigo/nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| age related hearing lost, mostly associated with high frequencies. also due to gradual cumulative loss of hair cells and neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| conductive, nerve, and presbycusis |
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Term
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Definition
impaired transmission in external or middle ear.
due to wax, foreign bdoies, damaged ossicles, thickening of eardrum due to infection |
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Term
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Definition
damage to hair cells or neural pathways
due to prolonged noise exposure affecting hair cells, tumors on nerves, vascular damage to medulla |
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Term
| what is oxotoxic hearing loss? |
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Definition
injury to hair cells directly or through disruption of other cochlear homeostatic mechanisms.
Causes: aminoglycoside antibiotics, loop dieretics, antineoplastic agents, salicylates/aspirin, heavy metals, chemcicals/industrial solvents |
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Term
| OSHA regulations of noise? |
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Definition
85dBA for 8 hour TWA, you need HCP
>90dBA, engineering administrative controls |
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Term
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Definition
% dose = (c1/T1+c2/t2...)x100
C= actual time exposed at each dB level
T= time allowed to be exposed to each |
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Term
| 6 steps of Hearing Conservation Program to prevent NIHL? |
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Definition
1. noise monitoring
2. engineering controls
3. administrative controls
4. worker education
5. selection and use of hearing protection devices
6. periodic audiometric evaluations |
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Term
| 3 characterizations of noise monitoring? |
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Definition
1. frequency
2. intensity
3. type (continuous, intermittent, impulse) |
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Term
| 3 types of hearing protective devides |
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Definition
1. earplugs-aurals
2. canal caps-semiaurals
3. earmuffs-circumaurals |
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Term
| What HCP should describe in order for workers to understand(according to OSHA)? |
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Definition
1. program objective
2. existing noise hazards
3. how loss occurs
4. purpose of audiometry
5. how to protect oneself
employer's responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| Noise reduction rating-standardized value determined by tests dictated by the EPA |
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Term
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Definition
scale approximates the response fot he human ear to speech frequencies and discounts much of the acoustic energy from the low and high frequencies.
C scale flat across the frequency spectrum |
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Term
| NRR- What happens if you combine 2 hearing protective devices? |
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Definition
OSHA says add 5 dB (after scale adjustments) to the device with the higher NRR
ENLtot = (NRRmax-7+5)/2 |
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Term
| HPD- what does HCP say you have to do to enforce? |
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Definition
85-90 TWA, you must have HPDs avaiable
>90 TWA, HPDs must be provided and enforced
Variety of HPDs must be offered |
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Term
| what are audiometric evaluations? |
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Definition
they measure auditory acuity.
Deliver pure tones of various frequencies and threshold intensity is determined and plotted as a % of normal hearing |
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