Gur-i Amir

Shah-i Zinda

baked brick with ceramic tile covering

domes: usually double shell with tall ribbed "melon" shape on narrow drum

massive scale

emphasis on the exterior

The entranceway to the tomb is capped by framing arch or pishtaq

PISHTAQ- framing arch (earlier architecture of the Eastern Islamic lands but frequently used in the Timurid period)

The tomb proper is the octagonal structure.

It was originally preceded by an entrance portal with two minarets. The minarets have now been lost.

Decoration consists of carefully planned and cut glazed tiles forming a tile mosaic.
Melon-shaped ribbed dome that sits on a tall, narrow drum.
The dome is covered in glazed tile and glazed brick in a variety of geometric and calligraphic designs.

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Gur-i Amir (Tomb of the Lord) Samarqand, 1404

Babur

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Founder of Mughal Dynasty

Baburnama

Patron of the book

Humayun

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lost control of his empire and was driven into exhile

Went to the Safavids for his exhile and came back with Persian painters

Safavid Dynasty

Patron of the arts

Akbar

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Patron of the book

Synthesis of Islam and Hindu culture, administrative reforms and intellectual/religious interests

• abolished the force to convert to Islam
• abolished discriminatory laws against non-Muslims
• Religious syncretism
  • Din-i Ilahi (faith/religion-of Divine)- Akbar's founded religion
    

Hasht-Bihisht - Domed Tomb repeated through history (stands on plinth in the center of a garden divided by waterways: Chahr Bagh

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Tomb of Humayun, Delhi, 1562-72

Hasht-Bihisht - Domed Tomb repeated through history (stands on plinth in the center of a garden divided by waterways: Chahr Bagh

Tomb of Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint) - made of white marble, snake like corbels, porch separated by Jalis, Cenotaph in separate room (jalis)

Panch Mahal - Royal living quarters, Courtyard (game board), no walls, 5 stories, red sandstone, chattri like top, pleasure pavillion, brightly colored textile (cutains) instead of walls

Garden in women's area, chahar Bagh,

Jodh Bai Palace - Main living residence of wives, (Zanana)

Anup Talao- 'Peerless Pool', square, 4 bridges

Akbar's Imperial Sleeping Quarters- simple, elaborate carved roof

Diwan-i Khass- Private audience hall, 2 story, modest, trabeate, closer to hind design (corbels chattris 2nd story outer walkway), Pillar (hindu) richly carved

Nothing like it in Mughal Architecturre

Din-i Ilahi - Akbar's faith, divine faith

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Fatehpur Sikri

 (1571-1586)

Tomb of Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint) - made of white marble, snake like corbels, porch separated by Jalis, Cenotaph in separate room (jalis)

Panch Mahal - Royal living quarters, Courtyard (game board), no walls, 5 stories, red sandstone, chattri like top, pleasure pavillion, brightly colored textile (cutains) instead of walls

Garden in women's area, chahar Bagh,

Jodh Bai Palace - Main living residence of wives, (Zanana)

Anup Talao- 'Peerless Pool', square, 4 bridges

Akbar's Imperial Sleeping Quarters- simple, elaborate carved roof

Diwan-i Khass- Private audience hall, 2 story, modest, trabeate, closer to hind design (corbels chattris 2nd story outer walkway), Pillar (hindu) richly carved

Nothing like it in Mughal Architecturre

Din-i Ilahi - Akbar's faith, divine faith

Jahangir

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original name: Salim, after Sufi Saint

Patron of the Arts, Books, and Architecture

Not a good ruler, economic power falls to the British with his permission

Husband of Nur Jahan

Nur Jahan

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Patron of Architecture

Wife of Jahangir

"Trend setter"

Ran administration for husband

Chahr Bagh(usually for canopy tombs, but this one is not!), 4 gates, 5 stories, red sandstone, tall arches, chattris, roofless (white marble) terrance w/ jalis, trabeate tomb - not typical muslim construction in Indo-Islamic structure

cenotaph - highly decorated, geometric and floral on floors= pietra dura

Main gate is trabeate, 4 white marble minarets

Secular, Imperial, and Hindu palace construction

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Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra 1605-13

Chahr Bagh(usually for canopy tombs, but this one is not!), 4 gates, 5 stories, red sandstone, tall arches, chattris, roofless (white marble) terrance w/ jalis, trabeate tomb - not typical muslim construction in Indo-Islamic structure

cenotaph - highly decorated, geometric and floral on floors= pietra dura

Main gate is trabeate, 4 white marble minarets

Secular, Imperial, and Hindu palace construction

Proto-Taj Mahal or Baby Taj

white marble, stands in chahr Bagh garden, sandstone plinth and inlaid marble, guest house for visitors, pierced stone jalis, depiction of ceramic pottery (imitation of persian and chinese decoration), like Hasht Bahisht w/ minaret like columns with chattri like elements

Precious jems inlaid into screens like Carnelian

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Tomb of I‘timad al-Dawla (Mirza Ghiyath Beg), Agra 1622-28

Proto-Taj Mahal or Baby Taj

white marble, stands in chahr Bagh garden, sandstone plinth and inlaid marble, guest house for visitors, pierced stone jalis, depiction of ceramic pottery (imitation of persian and chinese decoration), like Hasht Bahisht w/ minaret like columns with chattri like elements

Precious jems inlaid into screens like Carnelian

painting that a is a representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms

telling a story

Shah Jahan

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1628-58

Patron of architecture

The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra built as a tomb for his wife Empress Mumtaz Mahal

influence of European design motifs and techniques and later Mughal art/architecture.

conception as an earthly paradise

Built for Shah Jahan's wife

Tomb, Mosque, Guesthouse

White marble canopy tomb

Inscriptions from Qu'ran

Dado(es)- A wall structure: flowering plant design - herbals(book). Decorated panels of inlaid decoration.

8 paradises: Hasht Bihisht

Cenotaphes surrounded by Jalis screen

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Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-47

influence of European design motifs and techniques on the Taj Mahal and later Mughal art/architecture.conception as an earthly paradise

Built for Shah Jahan's wife

Tomb, Mosque, Guesthouse

White marble canopy tomb

Inscriptions from Qu'ran

Dado(es)- A wall structure: flowering plant design - herbals(book). Decorated panels of inlaid decoration.

8 paradises: Hasht Bihisht

Cenotaphes surrounded by Jalis screen

Allegorical, ornate, idealized

Conveys message other than the liteal

Putto- cupid like creature, angelic babies, cherubs

Inscription is a wish to live forever

self-portrait of artist holding a self-portrait of him bowing (Red Hat)

James of England the first

Sultan(?) Noble/ Generic figure

Sufi Shaykh: Mystic saint

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Bichitr,Jahangir preferring a Sufi shaykh to kings
1615-18

Allegorical, ornate, idealized

Conveys message other than the liteal

Putto- cupid like creature, angelic babies, cherubs

Inscription is a wish to live forever

self-portrait of artist holding a self-portrait of him bowing (Red Hat)

James of England the first

Sultan(?) Noble/ Generic figure

Sufi Shaykh: Mystic saint

1336-1565

Capital city: Vijayanager, Southern India

Defeated Mughals in 1565

Kingdom of Hanuman

New focus on precious materials

In the shape of a gourd w/ lotus flower foot

The handle is a European style goat (Naturalism increase)

Gourd (eastern Islam)

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Shah Jahan’s nephrite wine cup, 1657-58

New focus on precious materials

In the shape of a gourd w/ lotus flower foot

The handle is a European style goat (Naturalism increase)

Gourd (eastern Islam)

lion man avatar of Vishnu

Yoga band added to legs after restoration

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Narasimha monolith, Vijayanagara, 1528

lion man avatar of Vishnu

Yoga band added to legs after restoration

dedicated to Krishna

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

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Vitthala Temple, Vijayanagara, first half of 16th century

dedicated to Krishna

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

faces the temple, Vitthala

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

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Garuda chariot  (ratha), Vijayanagara

faces the temple, Vitthala

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

Hanuman's kingdom on Earth

4 ornate columns: carved of dark volcanic stone (Basalt): pedastle would have held statues

Reliefs on exterior: Narrative: Royal Scene= king sits beside wife/consot flanked by attendants all under conpoy/porch

Baby Krishna is represented in reliefs

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Ramachandra Temple (Hazara Rama, "One Thousand Ramas"), Vijayanagara, ea. 15th century

Hanuman's kingdom on Earth

4 ornate columns: carved of dark volcanic stone (Basalt): pedastle would have held statues

Reliefs on exterior: Narrative: Royal Scene= king sits beside wife/consot flanked by attendants all under conpoy/porch

Baby Krishna is represented in reliefs

1529-1736

Nyaka(s) = Governor

Fled Vijayanagara to Madurai (capital)

Devote Hindus

Rajput= "Son of Kings"

Art style transfers from Mughal court because of artists losing their jobs and traveling to Rajput Kingdoms.

Nayak Dynasty

turned capital into Temple city (walled compound w/ large water tank)

Shaivite (southern India) - primary deity: Shiva

Legendary/Local queen and wife of Shiva (Parvati)

3 gateway towers: Gopuran (4th added for symmetry)

12 Gopuran total

Finial series- decorative projecting element

Barrel vault at the top

Usually stone/ but covered in Stucco (Gouch)

All decoration is Stucco (making it lighter)

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Minakshi-Sundareshvara Temple Complex, Madurai

Nayak Dynasty

turned capital into Temple city (walled compound w/ large water tank)

Shaivite (southern India) - primary deity: Shiva

Minakshi (fish-eyed born with 3 breasts but lost one when meeting/fighting Shiva)

Legendary/Local queen and wife of Shiva (Parvati)

Sundareshvara: Beautiful lord: Shiva (another name)

3 gateway towers: Gopuran (4th added for symmetry)

12 Gopuran total

Finial series- decorative projecting element

Barrel vault at the top

Usually stone/ but covered in Stucco (Gouch)

All decoration is Stucco (making it lighter)

Every 12 years it is painted and rededicated to Shiva

Jain painting-

• bulging 2nd eye
• conceptual style with linear and 2D forms
• standardized/stereotypical compositions
• strong contour lines and outlines
• bold, but limited palette
  
• brightly colored backgrounds
• flatly applied colors

Rajput painting similarities-

• flat paint
• limited palette, but bright
• strong lines...
  

• Hoizontal format
• opaque water-based paints
• little to no text
• bright and contrasting colors
• flat paint
• limited palette
• bright palette
• strong lines

Devote Hindus

Mughal Influence= Halo around head (Akbar and Jahangir)/ Costume is also Mughal

Architecture and landscape (setting) is Rajput style

Rajasthani:

Mewar (Udaipur Kingdom) School

raga = the classical Indian musical mode
ragini =‘wife’

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Ragamala Painting, Mewar, c.1605

Rajasthani:

Mewar (Udaipur Kingdom) School

raga = the classical Indian musical mode
ragini =‘wife’

Ramayana Maharana Jagat Singh I

Hanuman flying through the air From a Ramayana, Mewar, 1649-1653

like akbar's hamzanama

Rajasthani style

brightly colored

crowded composition

Hanuman is central figure w/ mountain top

Punjab Hills, Himachal Pradesh

17th - 18th centuries

Devote Hindus

• bright colors
• figures emerge from picture plan
• softer colors
• more subtle

Artist: Nihal Chand

Kishangarh, mid-18th century

Krishna and Radha in garden with gopis in a boat

New attention to setting and landscape

Rajasthani Style

Basohli, Pahari School/Style

verses to go with painting - ...

many different configurations of Devi= the great goddess

Shakti- the devine feminine

Bhadrakali- fortunate side of Kali

• Destroyer of the Universe - dancing like Shiva
• Varahi - like Shiva, she is a boar and like Durga, she rides a tiger.

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Tantric Devi series ca. 1660-70

Basohli, Pahari School/Style

verses to go with painting - Tantric Worship

many different configurations of Devi= the great goddess

Shakti- the devine feminine

Bhadrakali- fortunate side of Kali

• Destroyer of the Universe - dancing like Shiva
• Varahi - like Shiva, she is a boar and like Durga, she rides a tiger.

Kangra late 18th century[image]

Radha being persuaded by her handmaiden from Gita Govinda series, Kangra, late 18th century or early 19th century

British merchants arrive and take over market/economy.

Company painting:

• like a postcard
• very westernized
• European styles and techniques
• very realistic
• recordings of the appearance of native people, and monuments used by British

Indo-Saracenic/Indo-Gothic Architecture.

Painting disappears as photography in introduced.

• Bulbous Domes (Islamic)
• Overhanging Eaves (Hindu)
• Projecting Brackets (Hindu)
• Pointed arched, cusped arches, or lobed arches (Indo-Islamic)
• Vaulted roofs
• Chattris
• Minarets

Sawdeshi = "of our own country"

as defined by Mahatma Gandhi, is "that spirit in us which requires us to serve our immediate neighbors before others, and to use things produced in our neighborhood in preference to those more remote. So doing, we serve humanity to the best of our capacity. We cannot serve humanity by neglecting our neighbors."

1878-87

Trabeate structure

Mughal: White marble, nice sized garden

similar to the Taj Mahal

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Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus, Mumbai(Bombay), 1878-87

Trabeate structure

Mughal: White marble, nice sized garden

similar to the Taj Mahal

Bengal School

Abanindranath Tagore, (Mother India), ca. 1905

Female personification of India

Four hands hold:

• sacred text
• sheath of foliage
• cloth
• rosery beads

There are lotus flowers, and she stands on a globe (like Jahangir)

There is a halo around her head (like Mughal art)

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Bengal School

Abanindranath Tagore, Bharat Mata(Mother India), ca. 1905

Female personification of India

Four hands hold:

• sacred text
• sheath of foliage
• cloth
• rosery beads

There are lotus flowers, and she stands on a globe (like Jahangir)

There is a halo around her head (like Mughal art)

Amrita Sher-Gil

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post-impressionist style (very western)

similar to miniature painting in Mughal dynasty

Influenced by Gauguin for self portraits

moves away from academic art

Vibrant, primary, basic colors (Rajput)

Jamini Roy

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1887-1972

Indian Folkart

Pata-Chitra (scroll painting)

kalighat painting: done rapidly, mass produced

Began mass producing with apprentices

M.F. Husein

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Maqbool Fida Husein, 1915

Modern/Contemporary Art

functioned as a tomb complex of the Timurid period. It’s more like a cemetery full of mausolea than a single tomb complex.
series of small mausolea arranged along an alleyway
“the living king”
The entrance to the complex lies at the top of the stairs.
The tombs are simple domed cubes or canopy-type tombs.
The tombs have many different types of tilework.
Some were carved and glazed in turquoise or cobalt blue with white for contrast.
Others were made into tile mosaics that form geometric interlace patterns.
The domes may be either ribbed or plain, but usually covered in glazed tile and with drums decorated in glazed brick.

[image]

Shah-i Zinda, Samarqand, 11th -15th century

The Shah-i Zinda functioned as a tomb complex of the Timurid period. It’s more like a cemetery full of mausolea than a single tomb complex.
series of small mausolea arranged along an alleyway
Shah-i Zinda - “the living king”
Samarqand, 11th -15th century
The entrance to the complex lies at the top of the stairs.
The tombs are simple domed cubes or canopy-type tombs.
The tombs have many different types of tilework.
Some were carved and glazed in turquoise or cobalt blue with white for contrast.
Others were made into tile mosaics that form geometric interlace patterns.
The domes may be either ribbed or plain, but usually covered in glazed tile and with drums decorated in glazed brick.

History of his rein
Abu'l Fazl- court scribe, wrote the akbarnama
double page illustration
Atmospheric perspective - European style[image]

Akbar's Adventures with the Elephant Hawa-i, Akbarnama
History of his rein
Abu'l Fazl- court scribe, wrote the akbarnama
double page illustration
Atmospheric perspective - European style