Term
| describe the structure of DNA |
|
Definition
DNA looks like a twisted ladder
the rungs are made up of bases, purines-adenine and guanine and pyrimadines-adenine and thyamine. these bases are held together by waek hydrogen bonds
the sides of the ladder are phosphates and sugars held together by stong phosphodiester bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one unit of DNA, one photsphate, one dioxyribose and one base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a 3 base long segment of DNA that produces an amino acid when read.
there are only 20 amino acids and 64 codon combinations so some codon combinations produce the same amino acid. a stop codon is a special sequence to stop adding amino acids to the chain, the protein is complete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mutation is a permanent alteration. can be an adition, a deletion or a replacement, sometimes there is no problem when this occurs because of the repitition among amino acid codons but other times this can be very damaging, changing the amino acid sequence changes the protain produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutagens increase the occurance of mutations.
radiation,chemicals and viruses are common mutagens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gamete is a haploid cell, a cell with 1/2 the amount of chromosomes in the human body (23). they are formed during meiosis, they are the egg and the sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cell excpeting the sex cells that is diplod (46 chrmosomes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any pair of chromosomes, excpting the sex chromosomes. autosomes are homologus pairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organized display of a persons chromosomes, generally ordered by size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person with the correct number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that contains more than 46 chromosomes in a multiple of 23. instead of having 2 copies of a chromosome for a total of 46 a person may have 3 copies of each for a total of 96 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that has the wrong number of chromosomes. it could have 22, or 24 or any strange numbers. usually caused by nondysjunction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
given three copies of one chromosome, but 2 for all the rest.
trisomy 21 has 3 compies of chromosome 21. this is downs syndrome and the most common cause of downs syndrome is advanced maternal age. |
|
|
Term
| genetic variation of turner syndrome |
|
Definition
only recieves one copie of an x
45 total chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| 6 manifestations of turners syndrome |
|
Definition
| female, short, webbed neck, shied chest, wide nipples, imperfect ovaries |
|
|
Term
| describe the genetic variation of klinefelter's syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 manifestations of kleinfelters |
|
Definition
| small testes, slightly developed breasts, long limbs, sparse body hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a material that can cause breaks in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA lost from a break in the chromosome |
|
|
Term
| a condition caused by a deletion |
|
Definition
| cru du chat. whole arm of choromosome 5 is lost and baby cry sounds like a cat, mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a break occurs and the piece finds its way back but puts itself in backwards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks and gaps when you look at the chromosome under a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals with more than 200 cgg repeats. causes mental retaration, mostly male, lacking the FMR1 gene to code for the protein FMRP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the specific location of each gene on the chromosome
adress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composition of a gene at a given locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The appearance of a person that is formed by both the genotype and the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When heterozygous one allele is shown and one is not the one shown is dominant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The allele that is not shown when heterozygous. Seen only when someone is homozygous for the recessive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who has a disease but is pheontypically normal so you can't tell physically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several genes must work together for the trait to be expressed. |
|
|
Term
| Multi factorial inheritance |
|
Definition
| Have genetic predisposition and environmental factors for the treat to be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some traits require a certain threshold of genetic and environmental factors to be present before they are expressed
1 example is cleft lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The percent of individuals with a specific genotype who also exhibit the expected phenotypic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals with the gene do not exhibit the disease to be to type at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who hasn't affected parents and affected children. This means they must carry the gene but they do not express it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The extent of variation in a phenotype associated with the particular genotype. It's the range of mild or severe symptoms that can be affected by the environment.
Neurofibromatosis (elephant man) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical modifiers that alter the expression of the genes over your life.
DNA methylation is an example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A methyl group attaches to a cytosine base followed by a a guanine base CpG island. Heavy methylation make the gene less likely to be transcribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows family relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first person is a family to be diagnosed with the disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare.
1 affected parent
No generations skipped
50/50 for each child
delayed age of onset
Ex:
Huntingtons disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parents are both carriers
1/4 kids are affected
Parents both have then all kids will have
Ex: cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell
taysachs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Females need two bad x's
Males need only one bad x |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
X inactivation
On of the female x's becomes condensed intranuclear chromatin
this explains why males and females have the same number of gene products coded by the x. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inactivate x
normal females have one barr bodie in each somatic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Expressed more in males
Never passed from father-son
Skips generations by carrier females
Father will transmit to all daughters |
|
|
Term
X linked
Carrier mom and normal dad |
|
Definition
Half sons affected
Half daughter carrier |
|
|
Term
X linked
Normal mom affected dad |
|
Definition
Sons unaffected
All daughter carrier |
|
|
Term
X linked
Carrier mom affected dad |
|
Definition
50% daughter carriers
50% daughter affected
50% son normal
50% son affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More common in one sex than the other
Ex male pattern baldness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uterine atrophy after pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Pathologic atrophy example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physiologic hypertrophy example |
|
Definition
| Mammary glands increase in size temporarily for breastfeeding |
|
|
Term
| Pathologic hypertrophy example |
|
Definition
| Cardiac muscle increase from atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes is size, shape of cell |
|
|
Term
| Signifigance of dysplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replacement of one cell type with another
Ex smoking causes lungs to go through metaplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical
Hypoxia
Free radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood falls below critical level to maintain cell viability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ischemia
Chemical
Physical
Infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly reactive o2 species are formed when 02 is restored to cells resulting in membrane damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electronically uncharged atoms with an unpaired electron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extreme energy
Redox reactions
Enzymes metabolizing toxins |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways free radicals cause damage |
|
Definition
Lipid peroxidation
Ion pump damage
Fragmenting DNA
Damaging mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins are denatured due to hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons amd glial cells autodigest due to ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caused by tb,
Looks like a combo of coagulative and liquefactive. Cottage cheese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triglycerides break down to FFA and combine with ca/mg/na ++ making soap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coagulative necrosis shrinks and wrinkles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutrofils invade and liquefaction occurs
Usually seen in internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clostridium infects injured tissue and anaerobically produce toxins thay destroy connective tissue and cell membranes as well as leaving gas bubbles in muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal course, cells die to make room for new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endogenous stimulus causes apoptosis, like viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Necrosis is result of hypoxia disrupting atp production resulting in starvation where as apoptosis is the cell purposely destroying itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layers of skin have become completely detached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soft tissue damage
Skin intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scrape off first layer or so of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The complex actions necessary to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| 3 stages general adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
Alarm- arousal of body defenses triggers hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sns is activated
Resistance- glucocorticoid secretion normalizes, sns normalizes, flight or fight resolves
Exhaustion- only when adaptation is unsuccessful progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms leading to seyle triad of gastic ulcers, adrenal hypertrophy and thymoymphatic hypertrophy, onset of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adaptove mechanisms are overloaded, leads to wear and tear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stressor occurs then adaptive response begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stressor has not occurred but will be occurring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subsequent stressor that is similar will cause adaptive mechanisms to work faster |
|
|
Term
| Neuroendocrine regulation of the stress response |
|
Definition
Sns stimulates release nor epinephrine which stimulates adrenal glands to release catecholamines 20%norepi and 80% epi
At the same time
Hypothalamus releases crh stimulating the pituitary to release adh, prolactin, growth hormone, acth, acth stimulates adrenal to release cortisol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase BP, dilates pupils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase HR and force, increases metabolism to increase glucose supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Longer lasting than the catecholamines
Stimulates glucogenesis, catabolizing lipids and muscle, skin, bone for energy
Inhibits certain cells from uptaking energy so the nerves and vital organs get it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes Na reabsorbtion in order to keep blood volume high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ease pain, increased euphoria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase protein and lipid mobilization for use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affects immune cells like lymphocytes which have prolactin receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased amounts during stress, is an immunosupressant |
|
|
Term
| physical effects of stress |
|
Definition
| heart attack, increased BP, increased HR, increased respiration rate, sweating, col hands and feet, restlessness, insomnia |
|
|
Term
| behavior effects of stress |
|
Definition
| depression, irritability, anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression, alcoholism, disease, suicide |
|
|
Term
| effects on the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects on the cardiovascular |
|
Definition
| high BP, increase heart rate, stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diuresis, irritable bladder, meses irregularity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exczema, psoriasis, hair loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asthma, hay fever, increased respiration rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency, supression, autoimmune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tension HA, backache, connective tissue inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Describe primary cognitive appraisal |
|
Definition
Categorization of situations
Irrelevant or no significance
Benign or positive does not exceed resources
Stressful Harmful when stress has occurred
Stressful threat harm is anticipated |
|
|
Term
| Personal factors Affecting cognitive appraisal |
|
Definition
Belief shape our understanding and meaning of the situation
Belief about personal ability to control
Existential believes maintain hope in difficult circumstances
Commitments define what is important to a person
Novelty if not encountered before will not be able to appraise a threat
Predictability the more uncertain the more stressful
Imminent see the more imminent the more stressful
Duration the longer the stress the more harmful its effects
Temporal not knowing when an event will occur the more stressful it will be
Ambiguity the more unclear the more stressful
Timing the stressors occurrence in relation to other events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical agents genetic disorders nutritional imbalance additional diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experiences of others,fear, surviving accidents, historical horror stories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to respond to physical and psychological stressors in return to homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| 9 factors that influence adaptation |
|
Definition
Physiologic reserves the ability to meet the need to adapt
Time it is easier to adopt overtime
Genetic endowment
Nutrition obesity and now nutrition both to decrease abilities
Sleep cycles disorders and alterations alter immune system
Hardiness believing in personal control and ability to see stressors as a challenge
Social support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of behaviors a person adopts when facing stress |
|
|
Term
| 2 main types of coping according to Lazarus |
|
Definition
Problem focused coping any temp to change one's on mental reaction seeking information and problem solving
Emotion focused coping changing the meaning of the situation that is stressful |
|
|
Term
| 5 modes of coping according to Lazarus |
|
Definition
Information seeking reduces powerlessness
Direct action facing a stressor identifies the source and why you are having it
Inhibition of action
Seeking social support
Using intrapsychic mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Health and energy
Positive beliefs
problem solving skills
social skills
social support
material resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Personal culturally derived norms
and values
Physical nutrition drugs pain sleep
Environmental sensory overload isolation
Psychological and experience and coping and poor self esteem |
|
|
