Term
| What cell type lines the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Non-keratinizing squamous epithelium |
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Term
| What is the most common type of esophageal fistula? |
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Definition
| Blind pouch with the distal portion forming a fistual with trachea. |
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Term
| Name the four signs in Plummer-Vinson Syndrome. |
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Definition
Webs
Iron deficient anemia
Glossitis
Chelitis
It usually effects woman over 40 and you can see Schatzki rings.
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Term
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Definition
An outpouching of esophageal wall.
True diverticula contain all the layers of the wall while false diverticula does not. |
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Term
| Where would you find a Zenker diverticulum and what is a symptom? |
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Definition
A Zenker's (pharyngeal) diverticulum is found in the weak chricopharyngeal muscles and is a false diverticulum.
It usually results in a neck mass and bad breath. |
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Term
| Where is a Traction Diverticulum found and what causes it? |
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Definition
Traction diverticulum are found at the mid point of the esophagus.
It is associated with mediastinal adhesions and is usually a result of inflamatory processes outside the esophagus like TB which can pull at the wall. |
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Term
| Where is an epiphrenic diverticulum found and what is it associated with? |
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Definition
| Epiphrenic diverticulum are found about the LES and are associated with achalasia or a lack of coordination between peristalsis and LES relaxation. |
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Term
| What are the three problems needed to have achalasia? |
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Definition
Aperistalsis
Incomplete relaxation of LES
Increased resting tone of LES
Primary is congenital
Secondary is aquired |
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Term
| What are some etiologies of achalasia? |
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Definition
| Most of the time it is idiopathic but it could be use to the destruction of the myenteric ganglia. A secondary form can be caused by Chaga's disease. |
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Term
| What is a hiatal hernia and what is the most common type? |
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Definition
A hiatal hernia is an upward protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragmatic esophageal foramen.
Sliding Hiatal Hernias are the most common (95%) |
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Term
| What is the real name for a rolling hiatal hernia? |
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Definition
| Hiatal Paraesophageal Hernia |
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Term
| Describe Mallory-weiss Syndrome and its etiology. |
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Definition
Longitudinal tears at the GE junction or proximal stomach usually seen in alcoholics or bulemics.
It can rupture which leads to Boerhaave's Syndrome |
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Term
| What is the etiology of esophageal varices? |
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Definition
| Usually due to prolonged or severe portal HTN. Can be seen with chornic alcohol or drug abuse. |
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Term
| What are some causes of esophagitis? |
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Definition
Viral, GERD, chemical, drug, fungal
sliding hiatal hernia, decreased LED turn due to smoking, alcohol, and estrogen |
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Term
| Yet again... define Barett's Esophagus. |
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Definition
| Metaplastic change where squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium |
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Term
| What types of patients would you see viral esophagitis in? What are the infecting agents? |
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Definition
Immunocompromised patients.
HSV
CMV |
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Term
| What types of patients would you see fungal esophagitis? What are the causative agents? |
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Definition
Seen in ICPs or diabetics.
Candidiasis is most common. |
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Term
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Definition
Esophagitis caused by HSV
This will probably be on the exam. Know the picture, skip the vingette. |
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Term
You have a 45 year old male of european descent patient with Barrett esophagus. He is experiencing dysphagia, weight loss, chest pain and vomiting.
What is he most likely going to be afflicted with soon? |
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Definition
Adenocarcinoma.
Recall that this is due to point mutations and a subsequent overexpression of p53 |
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Term
| What are some causes of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus? |
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Definition
Diet, environment, alcohol, tobacco, genetics
p53 mutations, radiation exposure
chronic esophagitis. |
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Term
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Definition
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Notice the glandular formation. |
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Term
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Definition
Esophageal Squamous cell carcinoma
Remember this is seen more in people of african descent in the middle 1/3 of the ol' gullet. |
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