Term
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Definition
Different selves that an individual can take on in interaction
- A person's conception and expression of their individuality and group affiliations |
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Term
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Definition
sets of expectations associated with a given position in a society
-overall self includes multiple role identities
(student, friend, etc) |
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Definition
| In interaction, we are performing to make an impression on an audience |
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Term
| Definition of the situation |
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Definition
Definition: the shared understanding of:
- Who we are (our roles)
- What we can expect from others
- What others expect from us
(Varies by group, time, place) |
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Term
| Impression you give vs. Impression you give off |
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Definition
Give- Things we directly communicate
Give off- Things we indirectly communicate |
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Definition
- Our self-presentation
- The way we perform to give our audience (other people) a particular idea about who we are |
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Term
| Definition of Tactical Impression Management |
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Definition
- Present self in a way “to create false, exaggerated, or misleading images in the eyes of others”
- Overall motivation: to control outcome of interaction |
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Term
| Methods of Tactical impression |
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Definition
- Opinion conformity: strategic agreement
- Other enhancement: flattery
- Self presentation: exaggerate desirable qualities, fake modesty
- Supplication: exaggerate weakness, try for pity |
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Term
| Costs of Tactical Impression management |
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Definition
1. May be “hazardous to your health”
- Inflated concern for how others perceive us is stressful and bad for you
2. Deception may be hazardous to your relationships
- False/misleading self presentation in romance leads to a downward spiral
- Undermines trust |
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Term
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Definition
The way we generally perform in order to create an impression on an audience, the fixed way we tend to present ourselves
- Includes both appearance and manners |
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Definition
| The way we act when we are out of view of the audience |
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Term
| Grann "Chameleon Article" |
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Definition
Frederic Bourdin was a man who continuously developed new roles and would play all sorts of identities such as little school boys
- Managed impressions by changing the core of who he was
- He was not able to form relationships |
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Definition
Definition: the part of our self-concept that comes from membership in a group
- Attach values, emotional significance
- We can have many group identities
- Ingroup = us, outgroup = them |
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Definition
People try to balance individuality with belonging
- individuals desire to attain an optimal balance of inclusion and distinctiveness within and between social groups and situations |
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Definition
- To like, and think positively about ingroup
- Act cooperatively and helpful w/ ingroup
- Share a sense of solidarity |
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Term
| Identity and helping study using soccer teams 1 |
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Definition
- In Britain, Manchester United (football/soccer team) fans
- Filled out questionnaire about favorite team
- Asked to go to another building for part 2
- See confederate sprain ankle
- Manipulation: Confederate wears plain t-shirt, Manchester t-shirt, or Liverpool (rivals) t-shirt |
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Term
| Results of identity and helping (soccer jersey) study 1 |
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Definition
| Helped Manchester shirt person by far the most, then plain shirt, then Liverpool |
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Term
| Study 2 with soccer and identity/helping |
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Definition
- Participants filled out questionnaire about how much they liked football in general
Not just Manchester United
- Goal: make identity of “football fan” more salient than identity of “MU fan”
- Result is they helped the Man U most, Liverpool almost as much, then plain shirt last |
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Term
| Reasons for moving from ingroup love to outgroup hate |
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Definition
1. Relative comparisons- Evaluating our group relative to other groups increases antagonism
- Threat to group we identify with = threat to self-esteem, self-concept
2. Importance of similarity- the more similar the group is, the more relevant they seem
- We have more conflict with those to whom we are similar |
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Term
| Importance of overlapping group memberships |
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Definition
- When groups joined by common ties, harder to make distinction
- Intergroup hostility tends to be greatest when groups are entirely distinct |
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Term
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Definition
- Power: the amount of resistance on the part of another person that can be overcome
- In other words: someone’s ability to get someone else to do what they want |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Dependence- 2 factors that determine dependence |
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Definition
We need others to get things we want, reach goals
Factors:
1. Motivational investment
2. Availability of goals |
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Term
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Definition
How much the goal you are trying to reach matters to you
How much do you feel you need:
Relationship
Friendship
New job
Loan
To purchase a product, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Can you find other ways to reach goals?
Examples
Lots of people you can date vs. few
Many friends vs. few
Multiple job offers vs. one
Specialized trade or not |
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Definition
All parties need others to achieve goals
- Very cohesive |
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Definition
| Parties don’t need others to achieve goals |
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Term
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Definition
-a gap between two social networks
-being a bridge between these gaps (being connected with people in both networks) gives you access to more diverse information
-you become an important link between the two groups |
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Term
| Burt study on structural holes |
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Definition
-studied supply chain managers in an electronics company to see who bridged structural holes
-found that managers who were bridges had better ideas, as rated by top management
-shows that social ties and network connections are an important source of power and influence |
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Term
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Definition
-power intensifies them
-examples:action orientation, disinhibition, tendency to objectify others
--more likely to act for high-power people, less risk involved, can have negative consequences |
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Term
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Definition
-people tend to be more decisive, more likely to take action
-amplifies existing tendencies, could be good or bad
Examples: more direct when interacting with strangers, more flirtatious, more likely to take action that may not be allowed |
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Term
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Definition
-power tends to make people less aware or care less about social norms and constraints
-more likely to behave in socially unacceptable ways
Examples: taking last cookie, chewing with mouth open, more likely to engage in sexual harrassment |
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Term
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Definition
-more likely to see others as tools, not people
-less likely to take others' wishes/opinions into account
Examples: taking credit for others' accomplishments, giving bad jobs to subordinates, not taking into account others' perspectives |
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Term
| social awareness/intelligence |
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Definition
| -ability to perceive how others feel/what they are thinking |
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Term
| effects of high power on social awareness |
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Definition
-less likely to perceive how others feel
-misperceive how much others like us
-misperceive how others feel
-overlook potential threats |
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Term
| Anderson/Berdahl social awareness study |
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Definition
-two people work together on a task
-one made leader (leads discussion, more control over payment)
-studied perceptions of how partner feels
-high power participants more assertive
-more likely to express true feelings
-underestimated partner's anger, contempt |
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Term
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Definition
-When recalling a time they had power over someone, people most strongly regret how they treated that person
-When recalling a time in which they didn’t have power, people most strongly regret not being more assertive |
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Term
| 4 Ways to Reduce Power differences |
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Definition
- Withdrawal: Reduce own motivational investment
- Increase the other person’s motivational investment, e.g., granting status
- Create new alternatives/options for yourself
- Limit others’ alternatives/options |
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Term
| Study of power in equal vs. unequal relationships |
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Definition
Sociologists surveyed 101 dating couples, followed over time
- Those with lower emotional investment perceived more control
- But equal power relationships =
1. Greater satisfaction
2. Greater stability |
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Term
| Bases of Study of Power in the workplace experiment |
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Definition
Researchers surveyed three groups of employees: fast-food managers (491), employees at a large hospital (182), and employees at a law enforcement agency
Asked
- If supervisor is abusive (makes fun of you, tells you you are stupid, etc)
- If you plan to quit soon
- “Organizational deviance”: ignore boss, talk back |
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Term
| Results of power in the workplace study |
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Definition
- When boss is not abusive, little deviance directed towards boss
- When boss is abusive, those planning to quit engage in much more deviance |
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Term
| Examples of dependence in manager's work from Kotter article (not sure if this is right) |
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Definition
1. Jim Franklin was named new president of ABC corporation
- Phil Cook was upset it wasn't him and began to be very hard to deal with for Franklin
- Wanted to fire him but relied on his marketing and sales expertise and was dependent upon his work |
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Term
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Definition
How Relationships Start
- Develops quickly, intense (“wildly emotional”), fleeting
- Characteristic of new relationships
- Literally drug-like
1. Associated with dopamine release
2. Neurologically similar to cocaine
3. Painful withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
How relationships continue
- Develops slowly, involves trust, affection, companionship
- Distinct from passionate love
- An important component of long-lasting relationships |
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Term
| Passionate Love over time |
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Definition
- Reaches extreme peak after a few months and the wears off (possibly break up)
- Tends to fluctuate up and down quite often
-Danger Points- The highest part of the peak of love
- The subsequent low points in the relationship |
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Term
| Companionate Love over time |
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Definition
| Much more stable and actually rises over the long run while passionate continuously fluctuates and is ultimately lower |
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Term
| Basics of the Gottman relationship study |
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Definition
1. 130 newlywed couples without children
2. Came to the lab, had several 15 minute conversations on sources of disagreement in relationship
3. Conversations were videotaped and coded
4. Couples were surveyed every year after for 6 years |
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Term
| What does not explain marital dissatisfaction according to the Gottman study? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does explain marital dissatisfaction according to the Gottman study? |
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Definition
4 Horsemen of the relationship Apocalypse
1. Contempt (expressing of disrespect, e.g. eye-rolling)
2. Belligerence (provoking partner, escalates conflict)
3. Defensiveness (rejecting influence, not sharing power in relationship)
4. Also: withdrawal, personal criticism |
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Term
| What were the differences between Alex and Nadia, the Russian children adopted in "The Emotional Life" |
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Definition
Alex stayed in the orphanage much longer than Nadia (around 2.5 years), while Nadia was closer to 9 months
- Alex was there for longer and therefore experienced more time of neglect during infancy and developed Reactive Attachment Disorder |
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Term
| What challenges does Asberger's create in taking the role of the other |
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Definition
| With Asberger's, a person generally can't read facial expressions and the emotions of others, therefore, Jason can't cater his actions to the feelings of others he's around |
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Term
| psychological immune system |
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Definition
| helps us recover from negative experiences |
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Term
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Definition
-prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future
-influences preferences, decisions, behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
-we often don't take psychological immune system into account when making predictions about our future happiness
Example: those who had not experienced break up expected to feel worse about it than those who had experienced one actually felt (Gilbert)
-shows we don't always know what makes us happy
-leads to durability bias |
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Term
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Definition
-we tend to expect emotions/moods to persist longer than they actually do
-example: voters overestimate how happy or sad they will feel after an election (Gilbert) |
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Term
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Definition
-thinking about a future event as occurring in a sort of vaccuum, without taking into account how other things in their life will compete for their attention or effect happiness
-people overestimate how long the future event will affect their happiness |
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Term
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Definition
-People overestimate the extent to which their actions and appearance are noticed by others
(Gilovich study)
-participants asked to join group discussion
-first asked to put on embarrassing t-shirt (Barry Manilow)
-Next, asked participant wearing embarrassing shirt how many people had noticed
-Then, asked other discussion group members if they had noticed the t-shirt
-much fewer had actually noticed than the participant thought noticed
-same effect when we look good (wearing a cool t-shirt)
-We tend to anchor on our own perspective
-Fail to account for others perspective
-Others busy worrying about themselves
-Compare to above average effect |
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Term
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Definition
-regret actions more immediately after, but inactions more in the long run
-we know consequnces of actions in long term and can deal with them (failed a class but still turned out OK)
-we do not know how inactions would have turned out, so it is harder to rationalize
-often adapt to negative events quicker than we expect, but same for positive events, so exciting can become the new norm |
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Term
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Definition
Vital engagement describes a particular way of being related to the world characterized by both felt meaning (subjective significance) and experiences of enjoyed absorption (flow)
- Person feels connected to the world in a sustained way and not a fleeting event |
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Term
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Definition
The subjective experience of absorption
- associated with this dialectic of action and perception
- The flow state is distinguished by
intense and focused concentration, a merging of action and awareness
and loss of self-consciousness, a sense that one will be able to handle the situation, a distorted impression of how quickly time has passed, and an
experience of the activity as intrinsically rewarding in and of itself, regardless of the outcome |
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Term
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Definition
Like flow, Felt significance is associated with certain structural conditions.
- The key condition is the connection or integration of the self with
something that is valued. Felt significance may be due to the inherent worth that the person ascribes to an object of attention and action |
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Term
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Definition
-Dating couples are happier and more intimate with partners who see them FAVORABLY
-Married couples are happier and more intimate with partners who see them as they seem themselves (i.e. ACCURATELY)
-including negatively
Why?
-Dating is like an ongoing exam, want pertner to like us, very sensitive to criticism
-marriage, the exam is over, less concerned about criticism, can build trust, more important that they see us as we are |
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Term
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Definition
-Idea that you fall in love once with one person who is perfect for you and remain in passionate love forever
-unrealistic, can lead to disappointment |
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Term
| Bowlby's attachment theory |
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Definition
-child has innnate need to attach to one main attachment figure
-child should receive the continuous care of this attachment figure for approximately first two years of life
-maternal deprivation can result in increased aggresion, depression, deliquency, reduced intelligence, affectionless psychopathy (inability to show concern or affection)
-this attachment leads to development of child's internal working model (cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others)
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Term
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Definition
| -baby monkey's preferred to spend time with soft mother without food rather than wire mother with food. |
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Term
| Ainsworth's "strange situation" study |
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Definition
-70% of children showed secure attachment (sad when mother leaves, uses her as base to explore room, avoidant of stranger but nice when mother present)
-15% ambivalent attachment (intense distress when mother leaves, fear of stranger, pushes mother away when she returns, cries more, explores less)
-15% avoidant attachment (no distress when mother leaves, plays with stranger, mother and stranger able to comfort baby equally well) |
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