Term
|
Definition
Conditions: People either wrote down or spoke out loud there answers
-1 subject, the rest confederates
-12/18 trials the unanimous group gave the wrong answer
-Average conformity was 3.84 errors
-When written down, only 1% error
-One additional dissenter is enough to break the influence of the group |
|
|
Term
| Sherif Conformity Study (autokinetic effect) |
|
Definition
Asked participants to guess how far a light moved in the dark, it wasn't actually moving
- A fixed point of light appears to move because there are no reference points (autokinetic)
- There were individual and group conditions |
|
|
Term
| How did Sherif study show conformity |
|
Definition
Individual guesses were further apart (diversity), but they converged
- When groups went first, they converged quickly and when they separated them they still guessed similar estimates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tendency of individuals to change their expressed views and attitudes towards those of others
- Candid Camera example (elevator examples) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conform to others behavior because we think it provides info about reality
- Maybe they know something you don't
- Attempt to be rational
- Only works if they are right
- ex. Choosing to eat at the busier restaurant, imitating locals when you're outside of the community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When people conform to fit in and be accepted (positive consequences) or to avoid being harassed or ridiculed
- We think they expect us to
- Believe that conforming has positive consequences
- Liking or approval may enhance reputation
- Avoids embarrassment or disappointment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When a group of people making decisions in sequence adopt the same behavior by imitating one another
- Form of informational Influence
- Key point is that it involves a long chain of people making decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Products that have to do with popular culture
- Movies, music, clothing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Free music download site
- Invited not well known obscure bands
- Users downloaded and rated music
- 2 conditions:
"Independent": Participants only saw the names of the bands
"Social Influence": Saw names and Popularity of the bands
- Dependent measure is the overall popularity of the song
- 8 different worlds in the social influence condition
- Tracking the predictability of success of the bands
- Dependent measure is the unpredictability |
|
|
Term
| Results of the Musiclab Experiment |
|
Definition
Much higher unpredicatbility: For the same group of songs, different songs are popular across 8 different worlds (social influence group)
- The more social influence=more unpredictability
- The best songs never do very poorly, worst songs never do very well, in the middle anything is possible |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the events of the Jonestown tragedy |
|
Definition
Started people's temple in Indianapolis
- Moved church all around the US (Redwood Valley, San Francisco)
- Eventually moved to Guyana
- Convinced people to drink purple Kool-aid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Learner and teacher roles are randomly drawn (but it was rigged so the subject was the teacher)
- Tried to teach the word pairs to learner and punished with shocks
- Started at 75 volts and went up by 15 every time
- Projected that all participants would disobey at 135, none expected to go beyond 300 volts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
65% complete compliance rate
- No difference between the genders
- Results stay relatively constant in replications of the experiment
- No one checked on the learner |
|
|
Term
| Milgram Experiment Variations |
|
Definition
Proximity of the learner
- When the learner was closer to them (1.5 feet)- 40%
- When they had to push the learners hand down- 30%
Proximity of the Experimenter
- A few feet away- 65%
- Not in the room- 23%
Institutional Prestige
- Moved from Yale to the Bridgeport Research Associates- 48%
When the Subject is the teacher
-92% told them to go all the way |
|
|
Term
| Was the Milgram experiment Ethical? |
|
Definition
No
- because there was too much stress
- researchers couldn't return the subjects to the state in which they arrived in
Yes
- High stress was unanticipated
- Surveyed people afterwards and few complained
- They had the option of disobeying
- Some people wrote Milgram thanking him saying the experiment changed their lives |
|
|
Term
| 6 Factors in obedience/harming others |
|
Definition
Legitimate Authority
Diffusion of Responsibility
Deindividuation
Dehumanization
Gradual increasing demands
Undercutting dissent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The right to issue order
- We are taught that obeying authority is the right thing to do- good rule of thumb
- Positional not based on personality |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
Definition
"Agentic Shift"- We no longer feel responsible for our actions
- May be related to apparent expertise or authority (they know best) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduction of self awareness and sense of personal responsibility
- Less concerned about the consequences
- Feel less like individuals
- Less likely that others can identify us
- Being part of a group or crowd
- Disguising clothing can often lead to this (Prison Study) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thinking or perceiving of others as lacking basic human qualities
-Bandura Study |
|
|
Term
| Gradual Increasing demands |
|
Definition
Small demands can be more effective than large demands
- starting at 75 volts and working your way up
- Easier to rationalize with smaller increasing intervals
- organized crime often starts with smaller tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Makes it difficult to protest or defy authority
- Experimenter would have prompts to tell the teacher |
|
|
Term
| Apply at least 3 things to Jonestown |
|
Definition
Undercutting Dissent- Took them to Guyana (isolated, no contact with outside world)
- Told them they couldn't leave
- Had people tell on each other if they heard others wanted to leave
Legitimate Authority
- Saw Jones as an authority figure
Dehumanization
- He controlled the news coming to members
- Made the American media seem evil
Deindividuation- Being part of a group or crowd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A fixed set of characteristics that is attributed to all members of a group
- Assumption that members of a group possess certain traits
- Can be positive or negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple concepts are linked together unconsciously and they are brought about through activation and priming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When a thought becomes more accessible to us in memory
- Sometimes more than one concept gets activated at the same time
- When that happens a lot, two concepts can become linked in the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exposure to a stimulus activates associated concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Once stereotypes are activated, they affect how we perceive things, process info, and behave |
|
|
Term
| IAT test: what does it look like? |
|
Definition
2 categories (one left and one right)
- Often black faces
- A word (positive or negative) comes up and you must associate it with the correct group |
|
|
Term
| What does IAT attempts to measure |
|
Definition
- Shows if you unconsciously associate 2 concepts
- Doesn't mean you believe it
- Associations may develop early in life and are hard to change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prejudice caused by actively believing in and endorsing a stereotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prejudice caused by unconscious associations that a person doesn't necessarily endorse |
|
|
Term
| Experimental evaluation of race and athletic ability |
|
Definition
Listen to bball game
- Given name and picture of a player (white or black)
- actually the same player for both conditions
- Told to evaluate the Player
Results:
Black: Better team player and better at his position
White: More hustle and better basketball intelligence |
|
|
Term
| Devine Stereotyping Study (Donald) |
|
Definition
Flashed racially charged or neutral words on a screen
- After, participants read a story about a man named Donald who demands his money back from a store clerk and refuses to pay rent until his landlord paints his apartment
- People who saw the racially charged words (flashed for .1 seconds) would attribute more hostility to Donald
- Took away the chance to block prejudice since it was all automatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 Main Findings
1. When being hired, black males have a 1:3 ratio of being hired with a criminal record vs. w/o one while white males have a 1:2 ratio
2. Even without the criminal record, white males were about 1.5 times more likely to be hired than black males
- White applicant with a criminal record is as likely to receive a callback as a black with a criminal record |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fMRI
- Negative race association during IAT predicts greater activation in the part of the brain associated with self-control
Circadian Rhythms
- Morning people vs. night people
- Asked to come in early or late, 9 am vs. 8 pm
- Read about alleged misconduct and evaluated the likely guilt or innocence
- Manipulated whether the person being alleged was a member of the stereotyped group (athletes/cheating, Hispanics/assault, blacks/drug charges)
- More likely to consider guilty if a part of the stereotyped person if tired |
|
|
Term
| Factors that increase the likelihood of using stereotypes |
|
Definition
Distracted
Tried
Rushed
Angry
Feelings are Hurt
No consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She's Fine if she praised me study
- Links motivated reasoning to stereotype application
- Criticism can hurt self-esteem, finding fault with the critic can restore self esteem |
|
|
Term
| Sinclair and Kunda Study 1 |
|
Definition
Study 1
- Investigated instructor evals at Waterloo
Students were asked for:
-Evaluations of each instructor, Grade received, Evaluation of fairness of grade
- IV- If the professor is male or female and the grade they were given
- DV- Evaluation given by the student
- Found that when good grades were given, males and female evals were equal
- When bad grades are given, female profs given worse evals (females are less competent) |
|
|
Term
| Sinclair and Kunda Study 2 |
|
Definition
Person is evaluated by a manager on speech performance
- When good rating given, men and women received similar evals
- When bad rating given, significantly worse evals of female manager |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attempt to justify criticism we have received by condemning our critic based on general stereotypes of groups they belong to |
|
|
Term
| Status (definition and basic concepts) |
|
Definition
Person's relative ranking within a group hierarchy
- How respected and influential a person is
- Based on Expected performance
- Must be consensual throughout the entire group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Status characteristics
Resources (Rewards)
Behavior
Group Motivation
Social Connectedness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Socially significant attributes
- People associate certain traits with levels of competence |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of status characteristics |
|
Definition
Specific: Apply to a particular task
Diffuse: Assumptions about general competence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Social rewards: Those with more resources are usually more influential and assumed to be more competent
- Defer more to partner in contrast sensitivity experiments when the partner is paid more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Being Assertive
- Voicing your opinion and not backing down
- Assertive women are often resented
Showing Group Motivation
- Making sacrifices for the group, shows you care about the group
- Women often need to do both to avoid social sanctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extent to which you have relationships or social ties with people
- More social ties= More familiar with behavior
- Can increase or decrease status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What status predicts
- How you will perform in a certain situation based upon your status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When there is both task and collective orientation
Task: A group is trying to solve some type of task
Collective: We care about the outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
See an image with black and white space, try to guess which side has more white space
- 80% disagreement with partner
- Whichever changes their initial guess to their partners has lower status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dilemma of Groupwork
- School children perceive one another to have specific statuses
- The student with the highest status has the most influence in group projects and therefore, will take his answers/advice more often than others
- Still true even if the answers turn out to be wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Perform auditions (usually 3 rounds) in front of judges
- status matters because it is task and collectively oriented
- When there are blind auditions, female hire rate will rise by 50% (lower status) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Once status is established, it is hard to change
- If a high status person performs poorly, people look for reasons that affected them, trying to prove they are competent
- When low status person make a mistake, people search for a reason they are incompetent
- Low status people have to provide more proof before people believe they are competent
Mike Tyson v. Buster Douglas |
|
|
Term
| Basic Argument of Barres Article |
|
Definition
Male researchers have huge advantage over females
- One professor said Ben Barres research is better than his sisters (same person since he was trangendered)
- Much less women selected for awards and fewer are published |
|
|
Term
| Differences between status, obedience to authority, and conformity |
|
Definition
Conformity
- change our behavior to match the group
- Informational/Normative
Obedience to Authority
- Obey authority figure because of their role or position
- Following orders, authority figures are usually not engaged in the same behavior
Status
- People have influence because of expectations others have for performance on group task
- Do what others suggest because we respect them and think they must be right |
|
|
