Term
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Definition
| (aquinas) including objections into teachings/views |
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Term
| demonstration propter quid |
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Definition
| (aquinas) demonstration through cause (essence) |
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Term
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Definition
(aquinas) demonstration through effect
-don't need to acknowledge essence, but must acknowledge the effects |
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Term
| aquinas' 3 main questions |
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Definition
-is god's existence self-evident?
-is god's existence something that can be demonstrated?
-does god exist? |
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Term
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Definition
| (aquinas) if there was something infinitely good, there would be nothing bad |
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Definition
| everything in the world can be accounted for by natural phenomena |
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Term
| first way: supreme unmoved mover |
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Definition
(aquinas) motion exists --> whatever moves must be moved by another
-there can't be an infinite number of moved movers --> god is the unmoved mover |
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Term
| second way: first efficient cause |
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Definition
| (aquinas) god's existence accounts for existence of the world as the "uncaused cause" |
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Term
| third way: absolutely necessary being |
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Definition
(aquinas) something must have been brought into existence (there would have been a time when nothing existed)
-god's existence accounts for existence itself |
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Term
| fourth way: perfect being |
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Definition
| degree of goodness is established by god as the absolute best |
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Term
| fifth way: ultimate designer |
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Definition
| (aquinas) everything, even unconscious things, are able to fulfill their purposes through god as the intelligent being |
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Term
| right action (utilitarianism) |
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Definition
| (bentham) an action that results in greatest balance of pleasure over pain for greatest number |
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Term
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Definition
| "pushpin is as good as poetry" (quantity > quality) |
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Definition
(ryle) "ghost in the machine"
-every human has a body and a mind |
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Term
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Definition
| (ryle) mind can exist in internal world, body can exist in external world |
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Definition
| view that the actual world is entirely physical |
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Definition
| (jackson) experience/feeling |
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Term
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Definition
-knowledge argument is "simplicity itself"
-knowledge argument is too strong (so something must be wrong)
-mary could've imagined color experience |
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Term
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Definition
| standard for citing plato |
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Term
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Definition
| socrates tried for impiety and executed |
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Definition
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Definition
| someone who just constantly asks questions and prods people |
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Definition
| person who told chaerephon that no one was wiser than socrates |
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Term
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Definition
| method of questioning/refutation to reveal contradictions in interlocutor's own beliefs |
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Term
| 3 speeches from socrates in apology |
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Definition
1) defense
2) counter-penalty suggestion
3) final words |
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Term
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Definition
-corrupting the youth
-not believing in gods of the city of athens
-believing in other entities
DEFENSE: socrates cross-examines meletus through elenchus |
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Term
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Definition
-engaging in scientific inquiry
-making weaker arguments stronger
-being a sophist
DEFENSE: denial |
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Term
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Definition
| (oracle at delphi said he's the wisest) socrates' doesn't believe himself to be wise except that he doesn't pretend to know what he doesn't --> he becomes a gadfly to expose people's ignorance |
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Term
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Definition
(pascal)
-god exists/for --> gain eternal life
-god exists/against --> damned for life
-god doesnt exist/for --> waste life
-god doesnt exist/against --> nothing |
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Term
| greatest happiness principle |
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Definition
| (mill) an action is right if it produces happiness, wrong if it produces unhappiness |
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Term
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Definition
| (mill) pleasure and absence of pain |
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Term
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Definition
"it's better to be socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"
(quality/quantity > quantity) |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical computing machine used as an idealized model for mathematical calculation |
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Term
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Definition
| (turing) trick human interrogator into not being able to distinguish between computer and human |
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Term
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Definition
| (turing) easily programmable "child-machine" |
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Term
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Definition
| (turing) the attempt to build embodied intelligences situation in the real world |
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Term
| theological objection (mill) |
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Definition
| thinking is a gift from god to humans |
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Term
| heads in sand objection (turing) |
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Definition
| consequence of machines thinking would be too great |
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Term
| mathematical objection (mill) |
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Definition
| mathematical logic shows computer limitations |
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Term
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Definition
| computer needs to be able to create "art" based on felt emotions/thoughts |
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Term
| various disabilities objection (mill) |
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Definition
| computers/machines can't do human things like fall in love, etc |
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Term
| lady lovelace's objection (mill) |
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Definition
| machines aren't able to produce originality |
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Term
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Definition
| sub-argument intended to support the minor premise (of a categorical syllogism) |
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Definition
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Definition
| an attempt to explain how existence of evil and god's existence can be compatible |
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Term
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Definition
| general argument with a major and minor premise and a conclusion |
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Term
| 2 objections to god's existence (liebniz) |
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Definition
1) god didn't choose best in creating the world; one who doesnt choose the best is lacking in goodness
-evil can be accompanied by a greater good
2) more evil than good in intelligent creatures; more evil than good in whole work of god
-denial |
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Term
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Definition
| only actions performed from "duty" have moral worth |
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Term
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Definition
(kant) only actions performed out of duty have moral worth
-(necessity of an action out of respect for law) |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) deserving of esteem if it exemplifies moral law |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) unyielding, doesn't accomodate human nature |
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Term
| phenomenal world (world of sense) |
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Definition
| (kant) humans are "natural" (bodies/desires are from nature) |
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Term
| noumenal world (world of intellect) |
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Definition
(kant) inclinations/feelings are unreliable (b/c they're not chosen by free will)
-morality is not from nature |
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Term
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Definition
| will is good even if it has bad effects |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling that is produced by a judgment that something is unconditionally good |
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Term
| moral responsibility (kant) |
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Definition
| people can be held responsible for things they have control over |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) a principle you give yourself that says what you're going to do and why |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) commands that prescribe how we should act |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) (conditional) commands an agent to act a certain way if they want to reach a certain goal |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) (unconditional) commands an action that are "good in itself" |
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Term
| 2 parts to categorical imperative |
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Definition
1) universal law --> moral laws can be valid if they can be willed into universal law
2) end in itself (humanity) |
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Term
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Definition
(kant) what you can will to a universal law without contradiction
-in conceivability: ex. false promises
-in will: ex. man who doesnt help others |
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Term
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Definition
(kant) can never be violated
-self: refrain from suicide
-others: don't make false promises |
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Term
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Definition
(kant) can be violated in some circumstances
-self: develop one's talents
-others: help others |
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Term
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Definition
1) vagueness
2) autonomy
3) scope of moral community (rights = autonomy) |
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Term
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Definition
| (kant) power to guide our life through our own free choices |
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Term
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Definition
| (carruthers) zombieboby acts just like bobby but without a conscious experience |
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Term
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Definition
| (carruthers) using an analogy as a premise in an argument |
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Term
| problem of other minds (for carruthers) |
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Definition
1) i have a mind
2) others are like me
3) others have minds |
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Term
| what constitutes a meaningless life? |
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Definition
| (taylor) repetition, purposelessness |
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Term
| 2 modifications that could make sisyphus' life meaningful |
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Definition
-chemically induced desires
-higher purpose (unknown to sisyphus) |
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Term
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Definition
| existence of a perfection --> god has all things perfect --> god exists |
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Term
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Definition
| (cause/effect) only thing great enough to have 'caused' the universe is god --> god exists (uncaused cause) |
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Term
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Definition
| only god has power/intelligence to create something so diverse/complicated as nature --> god exists |
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Term
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Definition
| god exists, evil exists, how? |
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Term
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Definition
| either deny existence of evil or rethink traditional conception of god |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrate/prove their conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| (deductive) premises dont have to be true, but if they were, conclusion would be true |
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Term
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Definition
| (deductive) premises are true |
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Term
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Definition
| includes a major/minor premise |
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Term
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Definition
| arguments support their conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| (inductive) conclusion is probably true |
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Term
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Definition
| there is fundamentally one kind of thing that's real |
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Term
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Definition
| (monistic) everything is physical |
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Definition
| (monistic) everything is mental |
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Term
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Definition
| there are fundamentally two kinds of things that are real |
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Term
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Definition
(dualism) one kind of substance with 2 distinct characteristics/properties
(mental/physical) |
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Term
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Definition
(dualism) 2 kinds of substances with 2 distinct characteristics/properties
(mind --> mental, body --> physical) |
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Term
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Definition
| a wider category of views (we ought to do what has the best consequences) |
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Term
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Definition
(hume)
-impressions,ideas,copy principle |
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Term
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Definition
| (hume) products of immediate experience (sensation/reflection) |
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Definition
| (hume) derived from impressions |
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Term
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Definition
| (hume) every idea is a copy of an impression |
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Term
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Definition
| similar causes will be conjoined with similar effects |
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Term
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Definition
-discoverable through reasoning
-literal facts |
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Term
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Definition
-discoverable through sensory experience
-observational |
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Term
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Definition
| (hume) attempt to justify the uniformity principle through experience ends up in a circular reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| (hume) we have a psychological expectation that future will be like past, but we have no justification for this belief |
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Term
| epistomological justification |
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Definition
| (hume) our beliefs are epistemically justified if they're supported by good evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| (camus) by not having an attitude of sorrow (which the gods want), sisyphus can "beat" the gods and his fate |
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Term
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Definition
(camus) we long for something that the world is unable to produce: clarity/intelligibility
-similar to how camus wants to change his fate but can't |
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Term
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Definition
| (nagel) sisyphus should embrace absurd life ironically (as absurdity is not something to be fixed) |
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Term
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Definition
| following general rules about utility |
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Term
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Definition
| calculate consequences of individual actions every time |
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Term
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Definition
| (searle) an appropriately programmed computer is a mind |
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Term
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Definition
| (searle) computers give us a powerful tool to study the mind |
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Term
| chinese thought room experiment |
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Definition
-english speaker in room is given chinese characters
-given an english written rule book, speaker puts out chinese characters to seemingly understand chinese
-nothing in the system actually understands chinese |
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Term
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Definition
| the formal rules used to construct sentences in a language |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning of the symbols |
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Term
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Definition
| (searle) a part of the system (speaker) may not understand chinese, but the entire system could |
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Term
| brain simulator objection |
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Definition
| (searle) we could program a computer to exactly parallel what happens in a chinese speaker's brain |
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