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| Measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variable |
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| When a researcher assigns individuals in a study to a certain group, intentionally changing the value of the explanatory variable, and then records the value of the response variable for each group |
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| Occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated |
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| An explanatory variable that was not considered in a study but affects the value of the response variable in the study |
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| Observational studies only allow researchers to claim |
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| Association, not causation |
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| 3 categories of observational studies |
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1. Cross-sectional studies
2. Case-control studies
3. Cohort studies |
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| An observational study that collects information about individuals at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time |
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| An observational study that is retrospective, requiring individuals to look back in time or require the researcher to look at existing records |
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| An observational and prospective study that identifies a group of individuals to participate in the study, characteristics are recorded and some individuals will be exposed to certain factors, then the value of the response variable is recorded |
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| A list of all individuals in a population along with certain characteristics of each individual |
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