Term
|
Definition
| A collection of persona who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Position or rank within a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rules within a group indicating how its members should (or should not) behave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forces that cause group members to remain in the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group compared to when they work individually or as independent co-actors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by reduced self-awareness and reduced social identity, brought on by external conditions such as being an anonymous member of a large crowd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment |
|
|
Term
| Freud’s “death instinct” (thanatos) |
|
Definition
| Instinct is aimed at self-destruction, but is redirected toward others |
|
|
Term
| Lorenz "Fighting Instinct" |
|
Definition
| Proposed the existence of an inherited fighting instinct that ensures that the strongest survive |
|
|
Term
| Drive Theories (of aggression) |
|
Definition
| Suggest that aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
| The suggestion that frustration is a very powerful determinant of aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suggests that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables which influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions |
|
|
Term
| Excitation Transfer Theory |
|
Definition
| Suggests that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pattern consisting primarily of high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pattern consisting of characteristics associated with the other type behavior pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggression in which the prime objectives is inflicting some kind if harm on the victim. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggression in which the primary goal is not to harm the victim but attainment of some other goal-for example, access to valued resources. |
|
|
Term
| Hostile Attributional Bias |
|
Definition
| Tendency to perceive hostile intentions or motives in others’ ambiguous acts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helpful action that benefits other people without necessarily providing any direct benefits to the person performing the act, and may even involve a risk for the person who helps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions that involve courageous risk-taking to obtain a socially valued goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The likelihood of a prosocial response to an emergency is affected by the number of bystanders who are present |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| Bystanders to an emergency share responsibility, the more bystanders, the less any one of them feels responsible to act |
|
|
Term
| Implicit bystander effect |
|
Definition
| The decrcease in helping behavior brought about by simply thinking about being in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency of bystanders to rely on what other bystanders do and say, even though none of them is sure about what is happening or what to do about it and this “information” is used to justify the failure to act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavioral tendencies based on genetics, learning experiences, or both, which tend to be stable over time and across situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of dispositional variables associated with prosocial behavior |
|
|
Term
| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (Batson et al., 1981) |
|
Definition
| Prosocial behavior is motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need |
|
|
Term
| Negative-State Relief Model (Cialdini et al., 1981) |
|
Definition
| Prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystander’s desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions |
|
|
Term
| Empathic Joy Hypothesis (Smith et al., 1989) |
|
Definition
| Prosocial behavior is motivated by the positive emotion a helper anticipates experiencing as the result of having a beneficial impact on the life of someone in need. |
|
|
Term
| Genetic Determinism Model (Pinker, 1998) |
|
Definition
| Behavior is driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of transmitting one’s genes to future generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concept that natural selection applies not only to individuals, but also involves behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom genes are shared (kin selection) |
|
|
