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S&P
Sensations and Perceptions: Olfaction
42
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
12/07/2009

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Term
ODORANT
Definition
ODOR-INDUCING SUBSTANCE; ANY SPECIFIC ODOR CHEMICAL
Term
ODOR
Definition
OLFACTORY SENSATIONS; THE STIMULI FOR THEM ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; A GENERAL SMELL SENSATION OF A PARTICULAR QUALITY
Term
GUSTATION
Definition
THE SENSE OF TASTE
Term
OLFACTION
Definition
THE SENSE OF SMELL
Term
OLFACTORY CLEFT
Definition
A NARROW SPACE AT THE BACK OF THE NOSE INTO WHICH AIR FLOWS, WHERE THE MAIN OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM IS LOCATED
Term
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
Definition
A SECRETORY MUCOSA IN THE HUMAN NOSE WHOSE PRIMARY FUNCTION IS TO DETECT ODORANTS IN THE INSPIRED AIR; LOCATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE UPPER PORTIN OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND THE OLFACTORY CLEFTS ("RETINA OF THE NOSE")
Term
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM (TYPES OF CELLS)
Definition
CONTAINS 3 TYPES OF CELLS: OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS, BASAL CELLS, AND SUPPORTING CELLS
Term
SUPPORTING CELLS
Definition
1/3 TYPES IN THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM; PERFORMS SUPPORTIVE FUNCTIONS
Term
BASAL CELLS
Definition
1/3 TYPES IN THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM; PRECURSOR CELLS TO OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS
Term
OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS
Definition
THE MAIN CELL OF THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM; SMALL NEURONS LOCATED BENEATH A WATERY MUCOUS LAYER IN THE EPITHELIUM; THE CILIA ON ITS DENDRITES CONTAIN THE RECEPTOR SITES FOR ODORANT MOLECULES
Term
CILIA
Definition
HAIRLIKE PROTRUSIONS; RECEPTOR FOR ODORANT MOLECULES; 1ST STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN OLFACTORY SIGNAL TRANDUCTION
Term
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR
Definition
THE REGION ON OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURON CILIA WHERE ODORANT MOLECULES BIND
Term
CRIBRIFORM PLATE
Definition
A BONY STRUCTURE RIDDLED WITH TINY BONES, AT THE LEVEL OF THE EYEBROWS, THAT SEPARATES THE NOSE FROM THE BRAIN; THE AXONS FROM THE OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS PASS THROUGH THE TINY HOLES OF THE ______  TO ENTER THE BRAIN
Term
ANOSMIA
Definition
THE TOTAL INABILITY TO SMELL, MOST OFTEN FROM SINUS ILLNESS OR HEAD TRAUMA
Term
OLFACTORY (I) NERVES
Definition
THE FIRST PAIR OF CRANIAL NERVES; THE AXONS OF THE OSN'S BUNDLE TOGETHER AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE CRIBIFORM PLATE TO FORM IT
Term
OLFACTORY BULB
Definition
THE BLUEBERRY SIZED EXTENSION OF THE BRAIN JUST ABOVE THE NOSE, WHERE OLFACTORY INFORMATION IS FIRST PROCESSED; THERE ARE 2, ONE IN EACH HEMISPHERE, CORRESPONDING TO THE RIGHT AND LEFT NOSTRILS
Term
IPSILATERAL
Definition
REFERRING TO THE SAME SIDE OF THE BODY (OR BRAIN)
Term
GLOMERULI
Definition
SPEHERICAL CONGLOMERATES CONTAINING THE INCOMING AXONS OF THE OSN; EACH OSN CONVERGES ONTO 2 GLOMERULI (ONE MEDIAL, ONE LATERAL)
Term
MITRAL CELLS
Definition
THE MAIN PROJECTIVE OUTPUT NEURONS IN THE OLFACTORY BULBS
Term
TUFTED CELLS
Definition
A SECONDARY CLASS OF OUTPUT NEURONS
Term
OLFACTORY CORTEX
Definition
THE GENERAL BRAIN REGION THAT PROCESSES SMELL; CONSISTS OF THE PIRIFORM CORTEX, THE AMYGDALA-HIPPOCAMPAL COMPLEX, AND THE ENTORHINAL CORTEX
Term
AMYGDALA-HIPPOCAMPAL COMPLEX
Definition
THE CONJOINED REGIONS OF THE AMYGDALA AND HIPPOCAMPUS, WHICH ARE THE KEY STRUCTURES IN THE LIMBIC SYSTEMS; CRITICAL FOR THE UNIQUE EMOTIONAL AND ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTIES OF OLFACTORY COGNITION
Term
ENTORIHINAL COMPLEX
Definition
A PHYLOGENETICALLY OLD CORTICAL REGION THAT PROVIDES THE MAJOR SENSORY ASSOCIATION INPUT INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS; ALSO RECEIVES DIRECT PROJECTIONS FROM OLFACTORY REGIONS
Term
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Definition
A GROUP OF NEURAL STRUCTURES INCLUDING THE OLFACTORY CORTEX, THE AMYDGALA, THE HIPPOCAMPUS, THE PIRIFORM CORTEX, AND THE ENTORHINAL CORTEX; INVOLVED IN MANY ASPECTS OF EMOTION AND MEMORY
Term
TRIGEMENAL (V) NERVES
Definition
THE FIFTH PAIR OF CRANIAL NERVES, WHICH TRANSMIT INFORMATION ABOUT AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF OUR SENSE OF SMELL: THE "FEEL" OF THE ODORANT. EX: MENTHOL FEELS COOL, AMMONIA FEELS BURNING
Term
SHAPE-PATTERN THEORY
Definition
THE CURRENT DOMINANT BIOCHEMICAL THEORY FOR HOW CHEMICALS COME TO BE PERCEIVED AS SPECIFIC ODORANTS
Term
SHAPE-PATTERN THEORY
Definition
__________ CONTENDS THAT ODORANT MOLECULES AND OLFACTORY RECEPTORS HAVE DIFFERENT SHAPES, AND THE ODORANT WILL BE DETECTED BY A SPECIFIC OR TO THE EXTENT THAT THE ODORANT'S MOLECULE FITS INTO THE OR.
Term
SHAPE-PATTERN THEORY
Definition
DIFFERENT SCENTS ACTIVATE DIFFERENT ARRAYS OF OLFACTORY RECEPTORS IN THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIA, PRODUCING SPECIFIC FIRING PATTERNS OF NEURONS IN THE OLFACTORY BULB, WHICH THEN DETERMINES THE PARTICULAR SCENT WE PERCEIVE.
Term
VIBRATION THEORY
Definition
THERE IS A DIFFERENT VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCY FOR EVERY PERCEIVED SMELL, AND THAT MOLECULES THAT PRODUCE THE SAME VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES WILL PRODUCE THE SAME SMELL
Term
SPECIFIC ANOSMIA
Definition
THE INABILITY TO SMELL ONE SPECIFIC COMPOUND WITH OTHERWISE NORMAL SMELL PERCEPTION
Term
STEREOISOMERS
Definition
ISOMERS IN WHICH THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE ATOMS ARE MIRROR-IMAGE ROTATIONS OF ONE ANOTHER, LIKE RIGHT AND LEFT HAND; ALSO CALLED OPTICAL ISOMERS
Term
PSYCHOPHYSICS
Definition
THE SCIENCE OF DEFINING QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL (SUBJECTIVE) EVENTS
Term
TIP OF THE NOSE PHENOMENON
Definition
THE INABILITY TO NAME AN ODORANT, EVEN THOUGH IT IS VERY FAMILIAR
Term
G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRs)
Definition
THE CLASS OF RECEPTORS THAT ARE PRESENT ON THE SURFACE OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS
Term
G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRs)
Definition
ALL ________ ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A COMMON STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF SEVEN MEMBRANE-SPANNING ALPHA-HELICES
Term
RECEPTOR ADAPTATION
Definition
THE BIOCHEMICAL PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS AFTER CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO AN ODORANT, WHEREBY THE RECEPTORS STOP RESPONDING TO THE ODORANT AND DETECTION CEASES
Term
CROSS-ADAPTATION
Definition
THE SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION IN DETECTION OF AN ODORANT FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ANOTHER ODORANT
Term
CROSS-ADAPTATION
Definition
_____ IS PRESUMED TO OCCUR BECAUSE THE 2 ODORANTS SHARE ONE OR MORE OLFACTORY RECEPTORS FOR THEIR TRANSDUCTION, BUT THE ORDER OF ODORANT PRESENTATION ALSO PLAYS A ROLE
Term
COGNITIVE HABITUATION
Definition
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS BY WHICH, AFTER LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AN ODORANT, ONE IS NO LONGER ABLE TO DETECT THAT ODORANT OR HAS VERY DIMINISHED DETECTION ABILITY
Term
ODOR HEDONICS
Definition
THE LIKING DIMENSION OF ODOR PERCEPTION; TYPICALLY MEASURED WITH SCALES PERTAINING TO AN ODORANT'S PERCEIVED PLEASANTNESS, FAMILIARITY, AND INTENSITY
Term
GESTATION
Definition
FETAL DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY
Term
LEARNED TASTE AVERSION
Definition
THE AVOIDANCE OF A NOVEL FLAVOR AFTER IT HAS BEEN PAIRED WITH GASTRIC ILLNESS; IT IS THE SMELL, NOT THE TASTE, OF THE SUBSTANCE THAT IS KEY FOR THE _____ RESPONSE IN HUMANS.
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