Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transduction: inner hair cells |
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Definition
motor protein myosin, move down actin,
pulls tip link, opening channel
potassium comes in on TRPA1 channel when open
when bending toard kinocilium=depolarized |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| endolymph fluid, high Potassium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transduction: move to inner ear |
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Definition
| stapes -> pushes fluid and basilar membrane and windows |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transduction: outer hair cells |
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Definition
depolarized= hair shorten
prestin
adjust hairs, support tectorial membrane |
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Term
| cochlear/octoacoustic emission |
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Definition
air comes back out of ear
some drugs kill this response
membrane prevents us from hearing this |
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Term
| where does frequency coding occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
different parts of the ear are used for different frequencies
related to Bekesy and traveling wave theory |
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Term
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Definition
Cochlea
base(at oval window)- narrow and rigid = low frequency
apex-wide and flexible |
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Term
| Temporal theory-volley theory |
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Definition
different cells responding at different times to code high frequences
Pooling of the signals
how we code for high frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A frequency which can be easily identified and measured in a given emission |
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Term
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Definition
| measures how large an input is required to elicit a given output level as a function of the frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| when frequencies reach a certain point of loundness/firing rate, can barely tell the differences |
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Term
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Definition
| respond diffrently to different intensity levels |
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Term
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Definition
medial geniculate nucleus
in the thalamus
moderates response based on arousal level |
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Term
| where does sound cross in the brain? |
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Definition
| superior olive, becomes binaural |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral lemniscus pathway |
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Term
| tonotopic map and auditory cortex |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1 column is excited by infro from both ears
the other column gives excitatory from one ear, inhibit from other ear |
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Term
| Secondary auditory cortex |
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Definition
complex sounds
scales
vocal influx |
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Term
| auditory cortex: neural plasticity |
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Definition
| can train for frequency discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| The compressions are regions of high air pressure while the rarefactions are regions of low air pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| higher waves than our perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| can't percieve, too low, uncomfortable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1 refraction and contraction
frequency
pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| ration of air pressure and standard reference of pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
moves osciles
tympanic membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
soundwaves hit the pinna, making vibration
gathers sound |
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Term
|
Definition
malleus/hammer
incus/anvil
stapes/stirrup |
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Term
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Definition
| where transduction occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
inner hair has only 1
out hair has 3, connected by tip link |
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Term
| Tactile sensitivity: aging |
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Definition
meissner corpuscles dye off
increase threshold |
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Term
| Tactile sensitivity: vibration |
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Definition
| the mechanism most sensitive to the frequency is the one detecting |
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Term
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Definition
| lesion in the parietal lobe cannot identify objects by touch |
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Term
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Definition
| touching by skin, moving joints |
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Term
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Definition
lateral motion= texture
static ocntact= temprature
enclosure= global shapve,volume
pressure=hardness
supported holding= weight
contour follwing, global, exact shape |
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Term
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Definition
| use SAI fibers and RAII fibers to make texture |
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Term
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Definition
| freuqnecy that is odd number time higher than the fundamental frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| freuqnecy that is even number time higher than the fundamental frequency |
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Term
| anteriro auditory cortex supplies X sound information |
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Definition
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Term
| where, spatial sound information |
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Definition
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Term
| characeterisitcs of the somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| topographical map, cortical magnificaton, 6 layers, neural plasticity |
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Term
| four characteristics of sound |
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Definition
must have a medium
density of the medium determines speed
sound waves grow weaker with distance
sound waves are absorbed and reflected |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| outer hair cells attached to what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| need 3 to 5% to percieve it |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced threshold for pain |
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Term
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Definition
equalize pressure inside the ear to the outside of the ear
connect to the throat |
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Term
| creation of acoustic reflex |
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Definition
pulling back the stapes
tightening the ear drum |
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Term
| impedance matching: mechanism 2 |
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Definition
based on energy transference
level action between bown |
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Term
|
Definition
| bending towards tall cilia |
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Term
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Definition
| different levels of spontaneous activity, meaning coded their coded for frequency in an orderly arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| joints, tendons, skin, musce, ligaments |
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Term
|
Definition
Joint & Tendon Receptors
Muscle Spindles |
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Term
| Receptors: Touch- Information Conveyed |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanoreceptors: Attributes to Characterize |
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Definition
| stimulus type, adaptive size, adaptive rate |
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Term
|
Definition
detect low-frequency vibration.
Cutaneous receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| attached to the hammer in the bone cavity, tightens ear muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| different levels of spontaneous activity, meaning coded their coded for frequency in an orderly arrangement |
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Term
| spontaneous activity and threshold |
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Definition
high spontaneous activity = low threshold
low spontaneous acitivity = high threshold |
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Term
|
Definition
For low frequency
tightened tensor tympani, move stapes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
temp/pain information,
travels slow
crosses in spinal column
a-delta- pressure/heat
c-fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
crosses in medulla
a-alpha: proprioception
a-beta: touch |
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Term
|
Definition
thermal conductivity
thermal adaptation |
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Term
|
Definition
Col/warm probes
result of probes |
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Term
|
Definition
free nerve endings
oxygen deprivation
chemical
thermal
mechanical |
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Term
| extreme stretch of nocioceptors |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
central control, induces anelgesia
the slow pain come through, inhibit initial pain from a-beta |
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Term
|
Definition
Na v 17
mutation of sodium channels |
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Term
|
Definition
| pain all the time, excessive activity |
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Term
|
Definition
endogenous
over the counter
placebo: naloxone |
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Term
|
Definition
| clustered, texture,small, slow adapting |
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Term
|
Definition
| low freq. small, rapid adapt |
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Term
|
Definition
| high frequency, large, rapid |
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Term
|
Definition
| sustained pressure, large, slow adapt |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| tucked into the dermis layers |
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Term
|
Definition
| in tendons, ligaments, skin, joints |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
wraqpped around nerve fibers
detect movement
need for positioning, proprioception |
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Term
|
Definition
biological motion
once livign things move, we detect its alive |
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Term
| Motion perception definition |
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Definition
| extraction of retinal image and spatial displacement |
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Term
|
Definition
suppressing the displacement of the retinal image
we move our eyes but we don't perceive the images of to be moving |
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Term
|
Definition
| no abrupt starts an stops with movement |
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Term
|
Definition
eye moves,
object still,
command signal,
retinal image motion |
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Term
| Directionally selective cells |
|
Definition
| the time delay for best response and to perceive motion |
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Term
| problem with directionally selective cells |
|
Definition
aperture problem
only sensitive to movement in field, could be more information being missed |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| objects move towards frame, percieve expansion |
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Term
|
Definition
| objects move in circle, percieve rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
we perceive large objects as moving slower
objects have to travel faster to match, distance and size |
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Term
|
Definition
| different cells for different velocity |
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Term
|
Definition
| timing of changing objects makes the cells think there is movement |
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|
Term
| Apparent motion:Backward movement |
|
Definition
| The frame rate is greater than the rotation |
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|
Term
| Apparent motion: no movement |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Apparent motion: Forward movement |
|
Definition
| the rotation is greater than the frame rate |
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Term
|
Definition
posterior parietal association area
the illusion of one objects moving caused by another object moving |
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Term
|
Definition
superior medial temporal lobe
we selectively adapt to motion direction of one
the spontaneous activity becomes more apparent
test for binocular perception |
|
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Term
| gender differences in sensation |
|
Definition
everything but vision has gender differences
women are more sensitivie |
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Term
|
Definition
| medial superior temporal lobe |
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Term
|
Definition
texture 1
size and shape 2-3
3a = alpha fibers = proprioceptive
3b= primary to layer 4 |
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