Term
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Definition
| representations or copies of sounds and pictures that appear on a TV screen |
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Term
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Definition
| the more faithful the fascimile is to the original, the better the quality |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of changing from one form of energy into another |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical representation of the amount of pure picture or sound information when compared to the unwanted noise acquired during the transduction process |
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Term
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Definition
| vibration of a sound or radio wave |
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Term
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Definition
| visual representation of a wave as measured by electromagnetic equipment |
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Term
| Signal generation, amplification and processing, transmission, reception, storage and retrieval |
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Definition
| What are the five steps in signal processing? |
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Term
| radiant, constant velocity, wavelike motion |
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Definition
| the three characteristics of electromagnetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| velocity of electromagnetic energy |
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Term
Cycle: Hz.
1000 cycles/sec=kilocylce
1000000 cycles/megacycle
1000000000 cycles/sec. |
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Definition
| What is the cycle of a radio wave? |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period, usually a second' measured in hertz |
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Term
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Definition
| range of frequencies that a radio set is capable of receiving |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) |
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Definition
| method used in digital recording and reproduction in which a signal is sampled at various points and the resulting value is translated into binary numbers |
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Term
amplitude-height or depth of the waves
frequency modulation-how many waves are present at a given time |
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Definition
| What are the differences between amplitude adn frequency modulation? |
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Term
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Definition
| imposing a signal on the amplitude of a frequency - has the effect of modifying the frequency a bit as well, and is much more susceptible to environmental noise such as lightning. Works well across much of the radio spectrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| imposing a signal by altering the frequency - it takes a very high frequency to modulate either audio or video signals - e.g. megahertz, so it eats up bandwidth |
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Term
| It creates less noise and static because it has higher frequencies |
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Definition
| Why is FM superior to AM in sound quality? |
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Term
| device used to switch from one video signal to another. can also be used to combine more than one video signal |
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Definition
| What is the function of a switcher? |
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Term
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Definition
the ability for sound ot be picked up from different direcitons/sources.
omni-directional microphone can hear in all directions, record with fidelity
unidirectional: one direction straight ahead |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| work on any clip time line format, does not degrade film |
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Term
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Definition
| electromagnetic radiation present throughout the universe |
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Term
ground-signals go to ground
sky waves-waves transmit to sky, direct waves-waves direct beam |
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Definition
| different behaviors of frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic continuous wave produced by a radio or TV station; modulated to carry information |
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Term
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Definition
| Very high frequency-TV channels 2-13 |
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Term
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Definition
| ultra high frequency-the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains channels 14-69 |
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Term
| difference betweeen UHF and VHF |
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Definition
VHF-television channels, FM radio stations, police radios and airline navigation systems
UHF: new digital TV stations, police and taxi mobile radios, radar and weather satellites, also UHF that cooks in microwaves |
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Term
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Definition
| (aka bandwidth)-he maximum number of bits or other information elements that can be handled in a particular channel per uni time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when teh same two stations interfere with each other from different places (two radio transmitters using the SAME frequency) |
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Term
| adjacent channel interference |
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Definition
| when the interference of channels 3 and 4, for example (two different channels but next to each other-too much power for one) |
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Term
| Sampling with digital technology |
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Definition
pulse code modulation-wave pulses back and forth, there are sample points on teh wave, record them and give them numerical value, keep track of where the wave was in a distinct period of time
sample at regular intervals and convert them into ones and zeros for PCM |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding information while reducing the bandwidth or bits required |
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Term
| digital compression standards |
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Definition
| JPEG-still images, MPEG 1-VHS, MPEG 2-broadcast quality, MPEG3-music |
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Term
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Definition
| lossy uses analog (more unnecessary information, more costly), non-lossy uses digital |
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Term
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Definition
2/3 or 4 megahertz
525 line system |
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Term
| how does interlace scannign work to produce one complete frame? |
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Definition
| it fills in odd lines and then goes back and fills int eh even lines |
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Term
| difference between a field and a frame |
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Definition
| field is one set of scanned odds or even, and a frame is the odds and evens combined |
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Term
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Definition
| how many fields equal one frame |
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Term
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Definition
| colors used to capture adn transmit images in a camera and TV set |
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Term
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Definition
| charged coupled device: light sensitive wafers. In a video camera there are three CCDs, one to transmit each color |
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Term
| direct waves travel only in straight lines and to increase the power you have to increase the height of the antenna |
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Definition
| TV transmitters physically are placed on highest point possible beacuse |
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Term
| What is human Flicker Fusion Threshold and how does it rely on Persistence of Vision |
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Definition
| tricks mind to make still images appear as if they are moving. It relies on persistence of vision to make fram continue into paused shots |
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Term
| difference between interlaced and progressive scanning |
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Definition
| interlaced works by scannign odds and then evens. progressive scanning works by scannign odds and evens in sequence |
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Term
| what is the aspect ratio of STD? What is the aspect ratio of HDTV? |
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Definition
STD: 4x3 525 lines
HDTV 16x9 1125 lines |
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Term
| Multiplexing/multicasting. How many STD channels may a digital station multicast? |
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Definition
| process when multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signla over a shared medium. 2 channels=5 and 36 |
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Term
| how much bandwidth does a DTV broadcaster have to work with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the DTV standard in teh US considered a flexible approach? |
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Definition
| There are different standards of scanning, different networks have adapted different ways of scanning |
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Term
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Definition
| theprocess of defining and keeping track of what frequencies will be assigned and licensed for special purposes |
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Term
| What are some DTV programming issues and tehcnical complications? |
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Definition
| Existing programmign shot on 35mm film (most features in prime time are an hour long) will be easily converted. Most observers expect large market stations will begin with network pass through ability. compolications-scanning and signal integrity |
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Term
| Why may scannign formats present problems in the area of programmigng for local stations? |
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Definition
| while nets and other providers may transmit in one format, affiliate might have opted for another |
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Term
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Definition
| when the TV is too far away from the signal, signal drops |
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Term
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Definition
| when you recieve multiple signals at once and problems such as interference adn disruption can occur |
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Term
| What are DVRs (Tivo?) what is addressability? |
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Definition
| TiVo digitally records programming and addressability is the ability to send a program to some but not others |
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Term
| what does satellite radio offer to customers? is all of this programming commercial free? |
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Definition
| over 100 radio stations, commercial free |
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Term
| What must consumers purchase in order to receive DAN/HD radio |
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Definition
| special antenna, pay for the service |
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Term
| how does coaxial cable carry channels? |
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Definition
| allows use of additional frequencies, prevents interference, signal processing capability |
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Term
| tree 'n branch cable distribution system |
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Definition
| receives signals from various sources, shape of a tree with different branches or receivers |
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Term
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Definition
| requires less amplifications, shape of a star |
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Term
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Definition
| number of names passedbu the cable wire that might subscribe |
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Term
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Definition
| percent of customers subscribing to cable based on all the names passed by the cable line |
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Term
| What does the headend do in terms of receiving and processing signals? |
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Definition
| off-air tv stations, microwave transmissions, satellite transmissions |
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Term
| Downstream, upstream, which of these is more predominant in cable system architecture? |
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Definition
downstream transmits signals to the system
upstream receives signals from subscribers. DOWNSTREAM more predominant |
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Term
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Definition
| boost or modify electrical signals |
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Term
| what are trunk, feeder and drop lines and where are they locaed in a tree and branch cable system distribution plant |
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Definition
| trunk is mainsupplier, feeders are those which go to side streets adn neighborhoods and drop lines are those which flow directly to the home |
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Term
| What do converters (set-up boxes) do? |
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Definition
• Descrambles cable signals so you can see them
• Possible to upstream addressability so you can go back upstream with the information, acquire info about what’s being watched |
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Term
| some challenges presented by cable architecture |
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Definition
| capital intensive, use of public rights of way, service interruptions, customer service, privacy, competition, wired cable |
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Term
| why is fiber optics superior oto coaxial cable for transporting video and other information? |
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Definition
| contains strands of flexible glass/wireless wire/no interference |
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Term
| What does Hybrid Fiber-coax mean? how may this increase channel capacity in a traditional tree and branch cable system |
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Definition
| provides greater channel capacity (more bandwidth and speed available), significantly increases channel offerings wiht digitization of programming and compression |
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Term
| how does digital compressio nexpand channel capacity? |
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Definition
| by taking out things you don't need, more space becomes available for more channels |
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Term
| role of interactive programming guides |
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Definition
| offers greater upstream path for subscribers/high speed internet |
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Term
| what doe svideo-on-demand allow a viewer to do? |
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Definition
| watch movies when they want |
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Term
| characteristics of geostationary orbit? |
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Definition
| 22300 mile orbit, orbital belt propsed by Arthur Clark, avoe equator in fixed location |
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Term
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Definition
| coverage area of a transponder (satellite) |
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Term
| what are transponders and what do they do? |
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Definition
| satellites, receive/send unit, 12-48 per satellite, footprints |
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Term
| how have satellites impacted television? |
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Definition
| new services made cable attractive, greater capability, sports, live entertainment, more station, news programming less affilliate reliance on network news feeds, redefined local coverage from anywhere in the world |
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Term
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Definition
AM, FM commerical, FM educational
FM-80% of all radio listening |
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Term
| lease management agreement |
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Definition
| the arrangement permits one station or group to control the programming, operations and sales of additional radio stations in the same market place |
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Term
| what are the most popular radio formats in America today? |
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Definition
| country, news and news/talk, adult contemporary |
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Term
| community stations and public radio stations |
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Definition
| CPB qualified radio stations. licensed to civic groups |
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Term
| organizational structure of radio stations |
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Definition
| headed by a GM and broken down into smaller sub categories |
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Term
| telecommunications act 1996 |
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Definition
• Relaxed ownership standards
• No limit to total number of stations a group can own
• Set as a maximum that group owners could own up to eight stations in one marketplace
• Supergroups of station owners formed |
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Term
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Definition
| UHF commercial (highest percentage), VHF commerical, UHF educational and VHF educational |
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Term
| commercial vs. noncommercial stations |
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Definition
commerical-ads, enterainment, majority of stations
non-commerical-affiliated with PBS or an education institute |
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Term
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Definition
| created to promote minority ownership in 1982: special interest and minority programming are likely |
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Term
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Definition
| large corporations; CBS, FOX, NBC, ABC |
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Term
| largest pay cable service |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of ownership, dominate the business |
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Term
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Definition
| JAVA, AOL, Mosaic, Reuters |
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Term
| what is packet-swithchign and how does it work? what are its advantages? |
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Definition
| develop theoretical ideas for making computer networks less susceptible to attack provided for small data packets to be sent over distributed communications networks |
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Term
| why does broadband throughput (speed) matter for the downloading video clips? |
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Definition
| the more points, the faster time for transmission |
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Term
| what is meant by end to end structure of hte internet |
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Definition
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Term
| what is US's rank in terms of internet usage worldwide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Internet portals-startyign places for cyberjourneys, can provide a startup page for browsing, provide link pages and information about other websites, may provides space for advertisers
• Communities-places where people can congregate |
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Term
| Internet Protocal television (IPT) |
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Definition
| shows are downloaded via broadband connection-capable fo btoh standard and high definition |
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Term
| what does a radio programming director do? |
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Definition
| oversees everything that goes over the airwaves including musi, news and public affairs |
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Term
| what does radio engineer do |
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Definition
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Term
| positive and negative effects of radio consolidation |
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Definition
• Positives-don’t have as many people managing radio stations, costs less for management so they use that for innovation
• Negative-monopolies, lack of localism and lack of diversity of ownership (conservative, liberal) |
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Term
| what happens at a budget meeting |
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Definition
| meeting of staff members to decide what's going on the air, how much time is allotted for what programming |
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Term
| How can small market news outlets stay competitive with cable channels and the Internet? |
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Definition
| by serving listeners needs and wants. |
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Term
| how can new technologies both help and hurt television production |
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Definition
| give consumers what they want while slowly eliminating advertisements |
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Term
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Definition
| film/raw footage shot from previous day |
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Term
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Definition
| when actors have to repeat lines to match previouslyi recorded filmed footage; automatic sound replacement |
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Term
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Definition
| making sure previously shot footage matches past footage, maintaining similar look and shot through TV show or movie |
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